한국   대만   중국   일본 
???? ?????? - ????????? ????? ??? ???????

???? ??????

???????? : 59°50′N 26°00′E  /  59.833°N 26.000°E  / 59.833; 26.000
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Suomenlahti (??????????)
Soome laht (??????????)
Finska viken (?????????) عدل القيمة على Wikidata
خريطة
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59°50′N 26°00′E  /  59.833°N 26.000°E  / 59.833; 26.000
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  ??????? ...
Narva Bay (en) ترجم ? Neva Bay (en) ترجم ? Tallinn Bay (en) ترجم ? Kakumae Bay (en) ترجم ? Kolga Bay (en) ترجم عدل القيمة على Wikidata
??? ???????
  ??????? ...
Raisionjoki (en) ترجم ? Santajoki (en) ترجم ? Altja River (en) ترجم ? Mustoja (en) ترجم ? Karepa Stream (en) ترجم ? Raseborgsan (en) ترجم ? Zhemchuzhnaya River (en) ترجم ? Martyshkin Ruchey (en) ترجم ? Virojoki (en) ترجم ? Taasianjoki (en) ترجم ? Summanjoki (en) ترجم ? Strelka (en) ترجم ? ??? ???? ? Kymi River (en) ترجم ? Jagala River (en) ترجم ? Vaana River (en) ترجم ? Tiskre Stream (en) ترجم ? Purtse River (en) ترجم ? Puhajogi (en) ترجم ? Fontanka (en) ترجم ? Porvoonjoki (en) ترجم ? Toolse River (en) ترجم ? Sotke River (en) ترجم ? Bobylka (en) ترجم ? Vilajoki (en) ترجم ? Vodoslivny Canal (en) ترجم ? Voronka (en) ترجم ? Gorokhovka (en) ترجم ? Karasta (en) ترجم ? Kikenka (en) ترجم ? Vaalimaanjoki (en) ترجم ? Lebyazhya (en) ترجم ? Luzhitsa (en) ترجم ? Privetnaya (en) ترجم ? Zavodskaya Sestra (en) ترجم ? Urpalanjoki (en) ترجم ? Smolenka (en) ترجم ? Chulkovka (en) ترجم ? Chyornaya (en) ترجم ? Chyornaya Rechka (en) ترجم ? Siuntionjoki (en) ترجم ? Fiskars river (en) ترجم ? Petrovka (en) ترجم ? Shingarka (en) ترجم عدل القيمة على Wikidata
????????
???????
30,000 ??? 2 (12,000 ??? 2 )
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400 ??? (250 ???)
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130 ??? (81 ???)
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38 ? (125 ???)
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4?7 عدل القيمة على Wikidata

????? - ????? ????? - ????? ???? ?????? حول القالب

???? ?????? (( ?????????? : Suomenlahti )?? ( ?????????? : Soome laht )?? ( ???????? : Фи?нский зали?в )? ? ( ????????? : Finska viken )?) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????? (??????) ???????? (??????) ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? (????). ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? (??? ?? ??? ???????? ). ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????.

??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? 1700 [ ??? ]

???????? ???????: ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????

??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? 9 ???? ???. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? [??????????] . ???? ??? ????? ????? 11 ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? [??????????] ?? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? 1905. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? . [3]

???? ??? ?????? "Overseas Guests" ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? 1899

??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? [??????????] ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? . [4] ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? . ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? .

?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? 1219 ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? [??????????] ?? ??????? ??????????. [5] ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? (( ?????????? : Revalia )? ? ( ???????? : Колыва?нь )?) ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. [6] ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? 1343 [??????????] ? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? 1346. ?? ??? 1559? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ???? ?????-??? [??????????] ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? 30 ??? ???? . ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? 1560. [7] ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? 1573? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1645. [5] [8]

?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? (?????? ??????) ??? ??? 1142 ????? ????? 60 ????? ?????? 3 ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ??? 1256? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? 1293? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? [??????????] ???? ?????? ?????? . ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? . ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1323? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? . ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? [??????????] ???? ????? ??????? ???????? 1496-1499 [??????????] . ?? ??? 1403? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? . ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 1710. [9]

?? ??? 1323? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ?? ??? 1550? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. [6] ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? [??????????] ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 1610 ?1617 ??????? ???????? ??? 1617? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? [??????????] . ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. [10]

??? ??? 1700 [ ??? ]

??????? ???????: ???? ?????????

??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 1700??? 1721. ?? 16 ???? 1703? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1712 ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? 1704? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? 1705? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? . ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ≪ ???????? ??????≫? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. [11]

?? ??? 1710? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? 27 ????? 1714? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? . [4] ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? 1721 ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. [12] ???????? ????? ?? ?????? (1788-1790)? ????? ????? ??????? [??????????] ?? 6 ????? 1788 ??????? ?? ????? ??????? [??????????] . ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. [4]

???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? 1808-1809? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? . ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1809 ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????. [13] ?? 6 ?????? 1917? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? . ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? . [4]

????? ??????? ????????? ?? 24 ?????? 1918? ????? ????? ??? ????????? . ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? 1940 ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????. [5] ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? 1991.

????? ?????? ????? ??????? [??????????] ???? "Sea battle at Vyborg (1790)"
????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? 1846

?? ???? 1921? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? . ?? ????? 1941? ????? ????? ????? ??????? [??????????] ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? 15 ????? ?????? ????? (5 ?????? ???????? ?3 ??? ????? [??????????] ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? [??????????] ) ???????? ??? 43 ????? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. [14] [15]

?? ??? 1978? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? [??????????] ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? 60?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 2001 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? 2011. [16] [17]

????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????
???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? 2003.

???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? 30,000 ??????? ???? (12,000 ??? 2 ). [18] ????? ??? ?????? (?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ) 400 ??????? (250 ???)? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 70 ??????? (43 ???) ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?130 ??????? (81 ???) ??? ????? ????? [??????????] ? ???? ????? ????? ??? 12 ??????? (7.5 ???) ??? ???? ???? [??????????] . ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? 38 ??? (125 ???)? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? 115 ??? (377 ???). ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? [??????????] 6 ??? (20 ???). ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? 0.2 ?0.3 ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? 0.3 ?0.5 ‰ ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? . ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 0 °? (32 °?) ?? ??????? ??? ??? 15?17 °? (59?63 °?) ??? ????? ?2?3 °? (36?37 °?) ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. [19] ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? . [16] [20]

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ( ?????? ) ?????? ?????? (????? ????????????? )? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. [16] ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 55 ??? (180 ???). [3] [21] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? [??????????] ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? 42,800 ????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (????? ??? ?????? 1,706)? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ...???. [22]

?????? ?? ??? 1710? ????? ????? 19 ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? 1700 ??? 1721. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????. [23]

???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? [??????????] ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ????? [??????????] ?????? ?????? ????? . [22]

????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? [??????????] (59 ° 13'N) ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???????? [??????????] ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? (22 ° 54'E) ?? ?????? . [24]

???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (???? ????? ???????)? ????????? (??? ????????)? ?????????? (??????? ?????? ????????? ????????)? ??????? (??????? ??????)? ????????? (????? ????????? ?????????)? ???????? (????? ??????)? ????? ???? (????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. [25] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (????????)? ?????? (???????? ???????? ?????????? ????????) ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? (???????? ?????????)? ????? (???????? ???????? ????? ???????? )? [26] ??????????/????? ???????? ( ????? ????? ). ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? (?????? ????????? ???????)? ????????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? - ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? . ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? [??????????] ? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????. [27]

???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? : ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. [28] [29] [30]

???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. [20] ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????. [31] ?? ??? 2005? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? 2,000 ??. [32]

?? ?????? 2005? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? 2 ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 2011. [33] ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? 2011? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 8 ??????. [34] [35] ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 8 ?????? 2012. [36]

??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? [??????????] ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? . [37] ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? . [37] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? . [37] ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? . [37] ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????.??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? [??????????] ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? 7-9 ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? 4,000 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. [38] [39] ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????????. [16]

???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? [??????????] ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????
??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? [??????????] ?? ????? ?????

???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????.

???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? . ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? . [40]

???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????. [41] ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. [40]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? 1979? ?????? ??? 1997 ?? ????? ????? 74? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ??? 85? ?? ??? 2005? ???? 91.7? ????? ??? 2008 ? ????????? ?? ??? 2009 ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? 100? ????? ??? 2011 ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. [42] ?? ???? ??? ??? 2008? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. [43]

????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? 10 ???? ??? ???? 1989 ?2005. ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? . [32]

??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? 10-20?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. [44] ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? . ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? [44] ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????. [45]

???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? 110 ??????? (68 ???) ??? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? [??????????] ? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? 2003. ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. [46] ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. [47] [48] [49] ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 2015 ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? . [50]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? :

???? ????? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "Southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea" . Ramsar Sites Information Service . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2020-08-01 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-04-25 .
  2. ^ " Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition ". ????? (???????????) (4376): 484?484. 1953.
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