한국   대만   중국   일본 
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السعودية
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????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? (????????: ????? ????? ) ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? . ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? (?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????)? [1] ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????. [2] [3]

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??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????. [4]

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1928? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (???? ?? 1624). ?? ????? ??????

≪??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? . ???????? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? [????? ????? ????≫??????≪????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????] ????? [??? ?????] ? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?100 ???? ???? ???? ???.≫

??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? 80 ???? ????? ?????. [5]

???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? 1980? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? 1979? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? .

???? ≪????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????≫ ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???.

?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ≪????????≫? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????. [6]

?? ?????? 2013? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. [7] [8] ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 2022 ?? ??? ? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????. [9]

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???? ??????? ???????? ??? 2000? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????. [10] ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. [11]

???? ??????? ???????? ??? 2001? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 2006 ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. [12]

?????? ??????? 92 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????/???? ?? ??? 2005? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ???????? ?? 7 ????? ??????/?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??≪?????? ?????? ?????? ????????≫ ?? ?????? . ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????. [13]

????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? 2004-2005? [14] ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. [15] ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????:

≪???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????.≫

???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????. [16]

?? ??? 2010? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? . [17] ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ≪??????? ??????≫ ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. [18] [19] ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? 2013? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? 20 ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????. [20]

?? 2011-2012 ? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? 260 ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. [21]

???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????.

?? ??? 2010? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? 27 ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ? 500 ???? ??????? ?????? ????? 50,000 ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ≪???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????≫. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????.

??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. [22]

???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 2013. [23]

?? ??? 2014? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? 24 ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? 450 ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? "???????? ??????? ????? "??????? ???????"? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. [24]

?? ??? 2019? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?37 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. [25]

???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? .

?????? ???????? ???????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? [26] ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????.

?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ≪??? ??? ?????≫ ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????. [27]

?? ??? 2017 ? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? "≪???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????≫ ??? ???? ?????? ????????. [28] ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? "????? ?????? ?[????] ?? ????? ??? ???????". [29] [30]

?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? . [31]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????. [32]

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ?? ??? 2011? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? 20 ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? . ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. [33]

????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? 2013? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????. [34]

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? . ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????:

≪??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ... ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? [35] ≫

?? ??? 2012 ? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. [36]

??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. [37] ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????.

??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????. [38] ???? ?????? ???? ???????? .

????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ≪????? ?????≫ ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ≪?????≫ ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? 2018? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????.

??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (2007). ???? ?????? 6 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????.

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????.

?? ??? 2010? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 1000 ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? 5000 ???? ????? (1333 ????? ??????).

??????? ????????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????.

????? ????? ??????? ??????/?????? [ ??? ]

?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????/?????? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? . ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. [39] ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????. [40] ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. [41] ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????.

??? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????.

2003 [ ??? ]

?? ??? 2003 ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? 6,787 ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? 2004 ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? 7,808. ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ≪??????≫. [42]

2006 [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????/????? 2006? ??? ???? ?? 10,000 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. [43] ??? ????? ?????/?????? ?? ????? 2006 ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??. [44] ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. [43] ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? 2006 ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????.

2007 [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??????/????? ?? ????? 2007? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. [45] ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. [46] [47] ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ≪????? ??????≫? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. [48]

??????? ???????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????. [49]

???? [ ??? ]

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?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? No

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??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????" . ???? ????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-02 .
  2. ^ (???), ????? ???????? (25 Mar 2016). "????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????" . Okaz (?ar-GB). Archived from the original on 2018-01-07 . Retrieved 2017-12-07 . {{ ??????? ???? }} : ????? ?????????: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
  3. ^ "???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????: ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???" (PDF) . ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? . 15 ???? 2017. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2018-01-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2018-01-02 .
  4. ^ "Saudi Laws Encyclopedia" . Saudilaws.net. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2010-07-26 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-10 .
  5. ^ "Keyan Keihani, A Brief History of Male Homosexuality in the Qur'an, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Arab-Islamic Culture" . iranian.com. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-08-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2010-07-10 .
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