?????????
????? ?????? ?????
(16 ????? 1888 - 19 ???? 1935)
???? ????
????? ???
?????????
????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????
?????? ???????
(1916-1918)
????? ????? ???????
(1915-1918) ??
?????? ?????????
?????
????? ???????? ??????
. ??? ?? (????? ?????) ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
?????
??? ??? 1962 ???? ?? ????? ???? ????
?????? ????
?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????.
[7]
??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? (1861?1959) ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
????? ????? ???????
(1846-1919) ??? ???
???????
?? ???
????? ???????
. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ??? 1896? ????? ?????? ???
???????
?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??
???? ???? ?? ???????
?? ??? 1907 ??? ??? 1910? ???? ???? 1910 ? 1914 ??? ????? ???? ??
?????? ?????????
? ????? ????? ??
??????
??
????? ?????????
.
??? ???? ????? ?? ??????
????? ???????? ??????
??? 1914? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??
?????? ??????
(???? ???? ??? 1916) ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???. ?? ??? 1916? ???? ???
???? ?? ??? ???????
???????? ???????
?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????
????? ??????
?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??
?????? ????
(??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????
?????? ?????? ?? ???
)? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???
????
?? ?????? 1918.
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???
????? ???????? ??????????
? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????. ?? ??? 1922 ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? 1935 ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ??????
(?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????) ??? 1926? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ≪???????≫ (The Mint) ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
???? ????? ?? 19 ???? ??? 1935 ?? ??? ????? 46 ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????
[
???
]
?????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? 16 ????? 1888 ?? ????
??????
? ??????? ?? ??????
?????????????
??
????
?
[8]
????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (?????????) ??????? ????? ???? (?????? ????).
[9]
[10]
[11]
??? ????? ???????-???????
????? ???????
????? (????) ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? (????? ??????) ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??
????????
? ??????? ???? (???????? ????) ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ??????) ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? (??? ????) ????? ?? ???? ?????.
[12]
[13]
?? ??? ????? ?????? (???? ??????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
????? ????????
(????? ??????? ??????). ?? ??? 1914? ??? ????? ???? (
????? ???????
) ????? ??
???? ?????
???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??
?????? ???????
??
???????
.
[14]
[15]
??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??
???????????
?? ?????
??????
??????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???
??????
?? ??????? ????? ???
?????
.
[16]
???? ??????? ?? 1894 ??? 1896 ?? ???? (???? ???? ?????) ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
?????? ??? ??????
??
????????
.
[17]
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
[18]
???? ???????? ??????????
??????????
?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
[19]
??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????.
[19]
?? ??? ??? 1896 ?????? ??????? ???
???????
?
[20]
????? ???? ??? ??? 1921. ????? ??????
?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????
?? ??? 1896 ??? ??? 1907?
[21]
??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? (??????) ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1966.
[22]
???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? (??? ????? ?????? ??????????) ??
????? ?????? ?????
.
[23]
???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? 1905 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??
???? ???? ????
??
???????
. ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????.
[24]
[25]
????? ????? ???? ??????
[
???
]
?? ?? 15? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
????? ?????
????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????
???????
?????????????
???????????
? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????
[26]
???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??
???????
??????
????? ????????
?? ??? ????? ????.
[26]
??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1906 ?? ??????? ????????? (?????? ??????) ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????.
[26]
?? ??? ??? 1906 ?1907 ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????
[26]
?? ????? ??? 1907 ??? ??????: ≪
????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???
≫.
[27]
?? ??? 1907 ??? ??? 1910? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
???? ???? ????????
.
[28]
?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1908? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? 2200 ??? (3500 ??) ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.
[29]
[30]
?? ??? ??? 1909? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ????????
??
????? ?????????
? ??? ?????? ????? 1000 ??? (1600 ??) ????? ??? ???????.
[31]
????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??
???? ????? ???? ???????
.
[32]
???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? - ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???)?
[33]
????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????
????? ?????
?? ??????
[26]
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.
[34]
??? ????? ????? ???? ??????
?????? ??????
? ???? ?????
?????? ?????
[??????????]
?? ??? 1937 ?? (????? ?????? ??????) ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????.
[35]
?? ??? 1910? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??
??????
?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????
????? ??????
????? ??
?????? ?????????
.
[36]
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
???? ????????
??
????? ???????
?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 100 ???? ???????? ??????.
[37]
?? ?????? ??? 1910 ???? ????? ???
?????
? ????? ???
????
??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
[38]
?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
??????
?????? ?? ?????
??????
?? ???? ????? ??? ??? 1914 ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????
?????? ?????
(?? ?????? ?????????) ????? ??????
??????? ????
?
[39]
??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????
[40]
????? ?????? ?????? ??????
??????? ???
????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????
[41]
???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1912 ??
?????? ?????
??
?????
??
???
.
[42]
?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??
??????
??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.
[43]
????????? ????????
[
???
]
?? ????? 1914? ????? ????? ?????????
??????? ????
??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.
[44]
????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ??????? ??????
???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
????? ???
? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????
[45]
?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
???????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??
???????
.
[46]
????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1914? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????
??????? ??????? ???????
[??????????]
? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????????
[47]
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
????? ??????
???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? 15 ?????? 1914.
[48]
??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????
?????? ??????
???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
???? ???????
.
[49]
???? ????? ???? ??? 1915? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????.
[50]
??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????
?????? ?? ???
???? ????
[51]
???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????.
[52]
???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????
????? ??????
. ??? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
[53]
?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????
???? ?? ??? ???????
??????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??
???
.
[54]
?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????
[55]
????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????
[56]
????? ??????? ?? ???????.
[55]
??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
???????????
??? ?? ????? ?? ?????.
[57]
??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????.
[58]
???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? 1915? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
[59]
???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??
???? ????????
? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
???????? ???????
.
[60]
?? ???? ??? 1916? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ?????
?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????.
[61]
?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????: ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????.
[62]
?????? ??????? ??????
[
???
]
????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????
??????? ??? ????
????? ??????
?????? ????
. ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ??
?????? ??? ????
?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????
?????? ????
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????
?????? ???
?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???.
?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???
??????? ????
????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???
??????? ???????
?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????.
???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????
?????
????? ???????
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??
???????
. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??
???
???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????
???????? ???????
??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????.
[63]
?? ????? ??? 1916 ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????
[64]
?? 16 ?????? 1916? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ?????
???? ????????? ???????????.
[65]
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? ????
:
???
???? ????
?????
?
[66]
???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
[67]
?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????
??????? ??????? ???????
[??????????]
????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????.
[68]
?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.
[69]
?? ????? ?????? 1916? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???
??????? ???????
?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.
[70]
????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????.
[71]
?? ????? ??? 1917? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? 300 ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
??? ?????
? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ???? ????????
? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????.
[72]
???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.
[73]
???? ????? ????? ??? 1918? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????.
[74]
???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????:
- 3 ????? 1917: ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.
[75]
- 26 ???? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????.
[76]
[77]
- 11 ?????? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ??
???? ??? ?????.
[78]
- 2 ????? 1917: ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????.
[79]
- 18 ?????? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??
???????
.
[80]
- 27 ?????? 1917: ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.
[81]
- 7 ?????? 1917: ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???
??? ???????
? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????.
[82]
- 23 ????? 1918: ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????
???? ???????
.
[83]
???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
[84]
? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ≪???? ????????? ?????? ???????≫.
[83]
??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????.
[83]
???????
[
???
]
???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???
??????? ???????
? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????:
[85]
[85]
|
???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????
????????
?? ?????? ???????? - ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????.
|
|
????
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[86]
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????.
[87]
??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
[87]
[88]
[89]
?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????
[90]
[91]
??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????.
[92]
[93]
?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???
??? ???????
???????
?????
?????
??????
?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???
??????? ???????
. ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????.
??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? "
???? ????
"
????? ???????
????? ??? ????
". ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????.
????? ??????
[
???
]
?? ??? 1917? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??
???? ??? ????
(???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????) ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????.
[94]
[95]
[96]
??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????.
[97]
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
??????? ???????
.
[98]
??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????
[99]
?????? ?????? ?? ?????
?????
?? 9 ?????
[100]
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[113]
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[114]
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[116]
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[117]
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[115]
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[116]
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[116]
??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????.
[116]
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[118]
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[119]
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[120]
??? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? 21 ???? 1921 ???
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[121]
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).
[122]
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.
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[124]
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[125]
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? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
[125]
??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
[126]
???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 1922 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? (??? ???? ???). ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??
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) ??????? ???????
[127]
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[128]
??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? 1923 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? (?? ?? ???) ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????.
[129]
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(??????? ????)?
[130]
[131]
???? ??? ????? ??? 1928 ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????.
[132]
????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
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? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??? 1930 ????? ?????? ???? ??????
????????
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[134]
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[143]
???? ??? ??? ???? ?? 19 ???? 1935 ?? ??? ????? 46 ?????.
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[151]
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[156]
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??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???
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?????? ???????
??? ??? 1918.
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[172]
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[173]
[174]
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[174]
?????
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[175]
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[
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- ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? 1930
- ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? : ???? ??? ?????.???? 2010? 1993? 1962
- ???? ????? ????? ????? : ?????? ????????.?????? (???? ??????) 1968
- ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 1969
- ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????.????? ??????? 1991
- ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? 1971? 1980? 1986? 1991
- ?. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????? 1983.
- ?. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? : ??? ?????? ????? 1990
- ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.?????? 1997
- ???? ??????? ????? ?????: ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? 2000
- ??? ???????? ????? ????? : ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? 2001.
- ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1888-1935 ????? 2004? 2005
- ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? 2008
- ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? 2013
- ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2015
- ???? ????? ????? (??? ????????) ??????
???? ????
- ??? ?????
??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????
- ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? 1927
- ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? - 1934
- ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?. ???? ???? ??????? 1950
- ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? 1989? ???? 1990.
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? 1947
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 1963? 1965, 1979, 1980+ ???? ???? ?????
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? 1968? 1971
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? 1998? 2001? 2015
- ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ??????? ????? 1988
- ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? 2009
- ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 2012
- ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? 2010
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2013
- ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 2014
- ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? 2017
- ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? 1945 ?
- ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 1933 ???? 2009
- ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????1950
- ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? 1950
- ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? 1966
- ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? 1969? 1982? 1987? 1993? 1999 ??????? 2010
- ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 1971.
- ????? ?????? ???????? ????? 1982
- ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? 1971.
- ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? 1984
- ????? ????? : ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (???? ??? ??????) 1977
- ????? ????? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????2000, 2008
- ????? .. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?.????? ???? ??????? 2000
- ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? 2005
- ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 2013
- ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 2013
- ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? 2016
- ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????
- ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? 2018
?? ???????
????????
??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (???? ????? ??????) ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????
???????
?? ??????? ?????? ??? 2019 ?????? (????? ??????).
[181]
??????
- ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? (
???
) ??????? ????? ??????
????? ???????
????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 1960?61 ?? ?????
???? ?????
??????? ?????
. ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????.
[182]
???? ?????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
?
?
Encyclopædia Britannica | T.E. Lawrence
(???????????),
QID
:
Q5375741
- ^
?
?
GeneaStar | T. E. Lawrence
?
QID
:
Q98769076
- ^
?
?
?
????? ?????? ???????
?
QID
:
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- ^
"Lawrence rarity sells for £18,000"
.
BBC News Online
(???????????). 19 Feb 2001.
- ^
Brockhaus Enzyklopadie | T. E. (Thomas Edward) Lawrence
(??????????),
QID
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- ^
Gran Enciclopedia Catalana | Thomas Edward Lawrence
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- ^
???? - Lawrence of Arabia - 1962 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
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? ???? ???? ??????
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"T. E. Lawrence Studies"
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"Brief history of the City of Oxford High School for Boys, George Street"
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?? 2012-04-18
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. Telawrence.info. ????? ??
?????
?? 2011-09-29
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Wilson, 1989, p. 33, in note 34 Wilson discusses a painting in Lawrence's possession at the time of his death which appears to show him as a boy in RGA uniform.
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?
?
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Beeson? C.F.C.
? Simcock? A.V. (1989) [1962].
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{{
??????? ?????
}}
: ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? (
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Wilson, 1989, p. 42.
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Wilson, 1989, pp. 45?51.
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Woolley? Leonard (1954).
Dead Towns and Living Men
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978-0-13-601970-1
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- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 136. Lawrence wrote to his parents "We are obviously only meant as red herrings to give an archaeological colour to a political job."
- ^
"The Re-publication of The Wilderness of Zin"
. 18 ?????? 2006. ????? ??
?????
?? 2006-10-18
. ???? ???? ??????
2012-09-09
.
- ^
"Adventure in the desert on the trail of Lawrence of Arabia"
. The Telegraph. 24 ?????? 2016.
?????
?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11
. ???? ???? ??????
2020-01-19
.
- ^
Korda, 2010, p. 251.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 166.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 152, 154.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 158.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 199.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 195.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 169?170.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 161.
- ^
?
?
Wilson, 1989, p. 189.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 188.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 181.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 186.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 211?212.
- ^
McMahon? Henry? bin Ali? Hussein (1939)?
Cmd.5957; Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, G.C.M.G., His Majesty's High Commissioner at. Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915-March, 1916 (with map)
(PDF)
? HMG? ????? ??
?????
(PDF)
?? 2021-02-02
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 256?276.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 313. In note 24, Wilson argues that Lawrence must have known about Sykes-Picot prior to his relationship with Faisal, contrary to a later statement.
- ^
?? ???????? / ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????
???? ??????
2017-08-08 ??
Wayback Machine
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Wilson, 1989, p. 300.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 302.
- ^
Wilson, pp. 307?311.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 312.
- ^
Wilson, p. 321.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 323.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 347. Also see note 43, where the origin of the repositioning idea is examined closely.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 358.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 424?425.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 491.
- ^
Wilson, 1918, p. 479.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 348
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 388.
- ^
Alleyne? Richard (30 ????? 2010).
"Garland of Arabia: the forgotten story of TE Lawrence's brother-in-arms"
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The Daily Telegraph
.
?????
?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11
. ???? ???? ??????
2014-03-29
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- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 412
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Wilson, 1989, p. 416.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 446.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 448.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 455?457.
- ^
?
?
?
Mack, 1976, pp. 158, 161.
- ^
Lawrence,
7 Pillars (1922)
, pp. 537?546.
- ^
?
?
Morsey, Konrad "T.E. Lawrence: Strategist" pages 185?203 from
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edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 194.
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Wilson, 1989, p. 353.
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?
?
Murphy, David (2008). "The Arab Revolt 1916?1918", London: Osprey, 2008 page 36.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 329 describes a very early argument for letting the Ottomans stay in Medina in a November 1916 letter from Clayton.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 383?384 describes Lawrence's arrival at this conclusion. However, Aldington 1955 disagrees strongly with the value of the strategy, p. 178.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, pp. 361?362 argues that Lawrence knew the details and briefed Faisal in February 1917.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 444. shows Lawrence definitely knew of Sykes-Picot in September 1917.
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Wilson, 1989, p. 309.
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Wilson, 1989, pp. 390?391.
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"The bombardment of Akaba."
The Naval Review
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"Egyptian Expeditionary Force".
Operations in the Gulf of Akaba, Red Sea HMS
Raven
II
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"Naval Operation in the Red Sea 1916?1917".
The Naval Review
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Graves, 1934, p. 161. "Akaba was so strongly protected by the hills, elaborately fortified for miles back, that if a landing were attempted from the sea a small Turkish force could hold up a whole Allied division in the defiles."
- ^
Wilson, 1989, p. 400.
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Wilson, 1989, p. 397.
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Wilson, 1989, p. 406.
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Staff, Guardian (19 May 1935).
"Strategist of the Desert Dies in Military Hospital"
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the Guardian
(???????????). Archived from
the original
on 2021-11-03
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2022-02-12
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Letter to W.F. Stirling, Deputy Chief Political Officer, Cairo, 28 June 1919, in Brown, 1988.
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Mack, 1976.
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Day? Elizabeth (14 ???? 2006).
"Lawrence of Arabia 'made up' sex attack by Turk troops"
.
The Daily Telegraph
.
?????
?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11.
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Barr? James.
Setting the Desert on Fire: T. E. Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia 1916?1918
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Wilson, 1989, note 49 to Chapter 21.
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T. E. Lawrence (1935).
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447
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- ^
Barker, A (1998). "The Allies Enter Damascus".
History Today
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Eliezer Tauber. The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq. Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Portland, Oregon. 1995.
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Rory Stewart (presenter) (23 ????? 2010).
The Legacy of Lawrence of Arabia
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?????
?? 2010-01-29.
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"UK ? Lawrence's Mid-East map on show"
. 11 ?????? 2005. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-05-06.
- ^
Asher, 1998, p. 343.
- ^
"Newsletter: Friends of the Protestant Cemetery"
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.
protestantcemetery.it
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?????
(PDF)
?? 2012-03-29.
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RID Marzo 2012,
Storia dell'Handley
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?
?
Hall, Rex (1975).
The Desert Hath Pearls
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?
?
?
?
?
Murphy, David
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, London: Osprey, 2008, page 86
- ^
Aldington, 1955, p. 283
- ^
Aldington, 1955, p. 108.
- ^
Aldington, 1955, pp. 293, 295.
- ^
Korda, 2010, pp. 513, 515.
- ^
Klieman, Aaron
"Lawrence as a Bureaucrat" pages 243?268 from
The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle
edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 253.
- ^
Korda, 2010, p. 519.
- ^
Korda, 2010, p. 505.
- ^
Lares, Maurice "T.E. Lawrence and France: Friends or Foes?" pages 220?242 from
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edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 224 & 236?237.
- ^
?
?
Lares, Maurice "T.E. Lawrence and France: Friends or Foes?" pages 220?242 from
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edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 236.
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Dudney? Robert S. (????? 2012).
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Air Force Magazine
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?????
(PDF)
?? 2021-09-11.
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Biography of Johns,
????? ????? ???????
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Orlans, 2002, p. 55.
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Korda, 2020, p. 577.
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Sydney Smith? Clare (1940).
The Golden Reign ? The story of my friendship with Lawrence of Arabia
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- ^
Korda, 2010, pp. 620, 631.
- ^
"Report Lawrence now a Muslim Saint, Spying on the Bolshevist Agents in India".
The New York Times
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- ^
"Pole Hill"
. T.E. Lawrence Society. ????? ??
?????
?? 2022-01-02
. ???? ???? ??????
2020-01-19
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- ^
Selwood? Dominic (19 ???? 2017).
"On this day in 1935: The death of Lawrence of Arabia"
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?????
?? ????? ?? 2022-01-11
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2020-01-19
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?
?
?
Crompton? Teresa (2020).
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Beauforte-Greenwood? W. E. G.
"Notes on the introduction to the RAF of high-speed craft"
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?????
?? 2020-08-08
. ???? ???? ??????
2011-04-11
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- ^
Korda, 2010, p. 642.
- ^
Erwin Tragatsch? ?????? (1979).
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95
.
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. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-03-07.
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"Lawrence of Arabia"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-02-26
. ???? ???? ??????
2013-10-21
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- ^
Brough Superior Club>
???? ??????
3 ?????? 2011 ??
Wayback Machine
. Retrieved 5 May 2008]
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"Lawrence of Arabia? We're more into the Taliban now"
.
London Evening Standard
. 25 ?????? 2013. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-03-08
. ???? ???? ??????
2019-07-20
.
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Walter F. Oakeshott (1963). "The Finding of the Manuscript,"
Essays on Malory
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?
?
"T. E. Lawrence, To Arabia and back"
. BBC. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-11-03
. ???? ???? ??????
2013-08-24
.
- ^
"Dorset"
. T.E. Lawrence Society. ????? ??
?????
?? 2022-01-15
. ???? ???? ??????
2020-01-18
.
- ^
"Lawrence of Arabia, Sir Hugh Cairns, and the Origin of Motor... : Neurosurgery"
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LWW
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2012-06-29.
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Kerrigan? Michael (1998).
Who Lies Where ? A guide to famous graves
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51
.
ISBN
:
978-1-85702-258-2
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-03-08.
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Wilson, Scott.
Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons
, 3d ed.: 2. McFarland & Company (2016) (
????
0786479922
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"????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?????"
.
BBC News ????
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-11-05
. ???? ???? ??????
2022-02-23
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- ^
T. E. Lawrence (2000). Jeremy and Nicole Wilson (??????).
Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922?1926
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Foreword by Jeremy Wilson.
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Korda, 2010, p. 137.
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Orlans, 2002, p. 132.
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"Found: Lawrence of Arabia's lost text"
.
The Independent
. 13 ????? 1997. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-02-13
. ???? ???? ??????
2020-01-18
.
- ^
Asher, 1998, p. 259.
- ^
Graves, 1928, ch. 30.
- ^
Mack, 1976, p. 323.
- ^
Halliday, 100 Myths About the Middle East, 2005, p. 147,
ISBN 0-86356-529-8
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- ^
Grand Strategies; Literature, Statecraft, and World Order
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Lawrence? T. E.
"Guerilla Warfare"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-11-03
. ???? ???? ??????
2015-11-29
.
- ^
The Sunday Times pieces appeared on 9, 16, 23, and 30 June 1968, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce.
- ^
E.H.R. Altounyan in Lawrence, A. W., 1937.
- ^
Knightley and Simpson, 1970, p. 29
- ^
?
?
C. Leonard Woolley in A. W. Lawrence, 1937, p. 89
- ^
?
?
Wilson, 1989, chapter 32.
- ^
Wilson, 1989, chapter 27.
- ^
Yagitani? Ryoko.
"An 'S.A.' Mystery"
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-08-16.
- ^
Benson-Gyles? Dick (2016).
The Boy in the Mask: The Hidden World of Lawrence of Arabia
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Benson-Gyles argues for Farida Al-Akle, a Syrian woman from
????
(now in Lebanon) who taught Arabic to Lawrence prior to his architectural career.
- ^
Korda, 2010, p. p. 498.
- ^
Letter to Charlotte Shaw in Mack, 1976, p. 425.
- ^
Knightley and Simpson, 1970, p. 221.
- ^
Simpson? Colin? Knightley? Phillip (????? 1968). "John Bruce (the pieces appeared on the 9th, 16th, 23rd, and 30th of June, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce)".
Sunday Times
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- ^
Knightley and Simpson, p. 29
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James? Lawrence (2005).
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Mack, 1976, p. 420.
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?
?
Mack, 1976, p. 33.
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Lawrence? T. E. (1997).
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. Wordswroth. ?. vi, vii.
ISBN
:
978-1853264696
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Introduction by
????? ?????
, who says that returning soldiers often feel intense guilt at having survived when others did not, even to the point of self-harm.
- ^
"PICTURES AND PERSONALITIES"
.
The Mercury
[???? ????]
. Hobart, Tas. 15 ????? 1935. ?. 13. ????? ??
?????
?? 2021-03-09
. ???? ???? ??????
2012-07-07
.
{{
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}}
: ????? ?????????: ?????? ????? ????? (
link
)
- ^
????? ?????? ?????
??
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????
(???????????)
- ^
????? ?????? ?????
??
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????
(???????????)
- ^
????? ?????? ?????
??
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????
(???????????)
- ^
A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia
??
????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????
(???????????)
- ^
"Seven Pillars Of Wisdom - Lyrics"
.
????ton Official Website
(??????????? ?????????). Archived from
the original
on 2021-03-09
. Retrieved
2021-01-22
.
- ^
Western Morning News
1986
????? ??????
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