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????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? 90% ?? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1923 ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? 1928 ? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

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??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 500,000 ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? . ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? . ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? - ????? ??????? ???????? - ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ≪?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????≫. ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ≪??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????≫ ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ≪?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????≫. ^[1]^[2]

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???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? 29 ???? ?? ??? 1933 ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? (?????)? ??? 8 ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? (?????) ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? 1935 ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 7 ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? 4 ???? ?? ??? 1938 ???? ??? ?????? ??? 7 ????? 1.585 ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1.5 ??????? ??????.

?? ??? 1942 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? 1943 ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ?? 31 ????? ?? ??? 1944 ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ??? ????? 1950 ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? 1.212 ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? 1983 .

?? ????? 1952 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? 80 ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? 260.2 ????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? 284.8 ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? 116 ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 7 ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? 45 ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? 1982 ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ^[3]

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??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? .

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???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? 1960 ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? .

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????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???

?? ??? 1944 ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1945 ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 1948 ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? 30? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? 10? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 30? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1950 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1950 ? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??? 1951 ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1956 ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.

?? ??? 1961 ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? (???????? ????????) ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 1966 ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? 1973 ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 25? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? 1974 ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 60?? ??? ??? 1975 ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1980 ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? 100? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? 1981 ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? - ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? 1982 ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? 1984 ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1987 ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? - ??? ????? ????? ??? 3.2 ????? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ??? 1988 ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 1989 ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? 1991 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1992 ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? - ??? ??? 5 ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? 35% ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? 1993 ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? (???? ????? ?????? ?????).

?? ??? 1994 ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? 10 ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1995 ????? ?????? ?????? ???? 15 ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? 1999 ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? - ?????? - ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? 2000 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 2001 ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 1.6 ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 2003 ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? 2013 ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ^[4]

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????? 1960 ? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1967 ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 1968 ? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? 1973? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ^[5]