阿什肯納?猶太人

出自維基百科，自由?百科全書

阿什肯納?猶太人 ( 希伯來文 ： ???????? ??????????? ‎， 羅馬?音： Yehudei Ashkenaz ; 依地文 ： ?????????? ????? ‎) 係歷史上主要? 歐洲 度住? 猶太人 。??傳統會講 依地話 [1] ，不過自從20世紀以?開始講返 希伯來話 。??自從 中世紀 因爲受逼迫?緣故，逐漸遷徙去 北歐 同 東歐 ，特別係 波蘭 [2] [3] 。

?1881年，阿什肯納?猶太人?歐洲?分佈地圖

經過長時間，阿什肯納?猶太人因應住?歐洲?傳統變化，而不斷?新??對 猶太? ?認知 [4] 。?18同19世紀期間，因爲當時?歐洲? 民族主義 興旺，所以令?少? 德國 ?猶太人開始由講 依地話 轉做講 德文 ，改變?當時所認識?猶太身? [5] 。???過去幾百年，??對歐洲有?少?貢獻，包括 哲學 、 文學 、 藝術 、 音樂 、 科學 等等 [6] [7] [8] [9] 。

?11世紀，阿什肯納?猶太人只係全球?猶太人口?3%，到1930年，已經升到成爲全球92%?猶太人口 [10] 。經過 猶太人大屠殺 之後，阿什肯納?猶太人?人口大減 [11] [12] 。?1933年，全世界?猶太人口係大約1530萬 [13] 。以色列 人口專家 Sergio Della Pergola （ 英文 ： Sergio Della Pergola ） 默示阿什肯納?猶太人?2000年，包含?全球猶太人口?大約 65-70% [14] ，不過有其他?源就認爲?個數據係超過 75% [15] 截至2013年，阿什肯納?猶太人?總人口係大約1000萬 [16] 至1120萬 [17] 人之間。

群體遺傳學 發現阿什肯納?猶太人主要有?自 黎凡特 同 歐洲 ?血統，不過每個?比重就有?同?結論。有?重視??母系血統?歐洲成分，而其他就重視父系血統?中東成分 [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] 。

?埋 [ 編輯 ]

攷 [ 編輯 ]

  1. ↑ Mosk, Carl (2013). Nationalism and economic development in modern Eurasia . New York: Routledge. p. 143. ISBN   978-0-415-60518-2 .
  2. ↑ Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."
  3. ↑ Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish . Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."
  4. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "ShUM cities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz" . whc.unesco.org . 原先內容 歸? ?24 January 2022 . ? 26 December 2019?到 .
  5. ↑ Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel; 等, Germany ,第7卷, pp. 526?28, The cultural and intellectual reorientation of the Jewish minority was closely linked with its struggle for equal rights and social acceptance. While earlier generations had used solely the Yiddish and Hebrew languages among themselves, ... the use of Yiddish was now gradually abandoned, and Hebrew was by and large reduced to liturgical usage.
  6. ↑ Henry L. Feingold (1995). Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust . Syracuse University Press. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-8156-2670-1 . 原先內容 歸? ?24 December 2018 . ? 13 August 2015?到 .
  7. ↑ Eric Hobsbawm (2002). Interesting Times: A Twentieth Century Life . Abacus Books. p. 25.
  8. ↑ Abramson, Glenda (March 2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture . Routledge. p. 20. ISBN   978-1-134-42864-9 .
  9. ↑ Blanning, T. C. W. (2000). The Oxford History of Modern Europe . Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-285371-4 .
  10. ↑ Brunner, Jose (2007). Demographie ? Demokratie ? Geschichte: Deutschland und Israel (德文). Wallstein Verlag. p. 197. ISBN   978-3-8353-0135-1 . 原先內容 歸? ?16 December 2019 . ? 1 April 2018?到 .
  11. ↑ Rafael, Eliezer Ben; Gorni, Yosef; Ro'i, Yaacov (2003). Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence (英文). Brill. p. 186. ISBN   978-90-04-12950-4 . 原先內容 歸? ?29 April 2022 . ? 13 August 2015?到 .
  12. ↑ Ehrlich, M. Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture (英文). ABC-CLIO. pp. 193ff [195]. ISBN   978-1-85109-873-6 . 原先內容 歸? ?22 April 2022 . ? 13 August 2015?到 .
  13. ↑ "Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country" . encyclopedia.ushmm.org (英文) . ? 2023-11-09 ?到 .
  14. ↑ Sergio DellaPergola (2008). " "Sephardic and Oriental" Jews in Israel and Countries: Migration, Social Change, and Identification" . 出自 Peter Y. Medding (編). Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews .第X11卷. Oxford University Press. pp. 3?42. ISBN   978-0-19-971250-2 . 原先內容 歸? ?14 April 2022 . ? 13 August 2015?到 . Della Pergola does not analyze or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardi Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.
  15. ↑ Focus on Genetic Screening Research , ed. Sandra R. Pupecki, p. 58
  16. ↑ "Ashkenazi Jews" . 耶路撒冷希伯來大學 . 原著 ?20 October 2013歸? . ? 29 October 2013?到 .
  17. ↑ "First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews" . The Gazette . Johns Hopkins University. 8 September 1997. 原先內容 歸? ?24 December 2018 . ? 24 July 2013?到 .
  18. ↑ Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Veronica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Ji?i; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luisa; Richards, Martin B. (8 October 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications . 4 (1): 2543. Bibcode : 2013NatCo...4.2543C . doi : 10.1038/ncomms3543 .
  19. ↑ Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild; Alessandro Achilli; Yarin Hadid; Shay Tzur; Luisa Pereira; Antonio Amorim; Lluı's Quintana-Murci; Kari Majamaa; Corinna Herrnstadt; Neil Howell; Oleg Balanovsky; Ildus Kutuev; Andrey Pshenichnov; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Antonio Torroni; Richard Villems; Karl Skorecki (March 2006). "The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event" (PDF) . American Journal of Human Genetics . 78 (3): 487?97. doi : 10.1086/500307 . 原著 (PDF) ?2 December 2007歸? . ? 30 December 2008?到 .
  20. ↑ Eva Fernandez; Alejandro Perez-Perez; Cristina Gamba; Eva Prats; Pedro Cuesta; Josep Anfruns; Miquel Molist; Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo; Daniel Turbon (5 June 2014). "Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands" . PLOS Genetics . 10 (6): e1004401. doi : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401 .
  21. ↑ Xue J, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Pe'er I, Carmi S (April 2017). "The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history" . PLOS Genetics . 13 (4): e1006644. doi : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644 .
  22. ↑ Waldman, Shamam; Backenroth, Daniel; Harney, Eadaoin; Flohr, Stefan; Neff, Nadia C.; Buckley, Gina M.; Fridman, Hila; Akbari, Ali; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Inigo; Cooper, Leo; Lomes, Ariel; Lipson, Joshua; Cano Nistal, Jorge (2022-12-08). "Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century". Cell (英文). 185 (25): 4703?4716.e16. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002 . ISSN   0092-8674 .
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