?? ??????? ??????????? ( ??????? : 明治維新) ??? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? , ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? 1868, ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? . ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? .

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???? ??? ?????? ????? 17?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? "???????" (???? ??? ?????). ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????, ???? ????????? ??????, ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ???, ????? 19?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? , ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????.

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?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????????????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? 1905 ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????.

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??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ? ????? . ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? .