???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????:   "????? ????????"  ?  ????   · ????????????   · ???????   · ???????   · JSTOR ( ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? )

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????? ???????? ???? ?.?. 1826
????????????????????????? ????? 4
??????????? 13 ?????? 2397 - 9 ??????? 2402
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????	17 ?????? ?.?. 2335 ??????????? , ?????? ?????????????????????
?????????	23 ????????? ?.?. 2415 (80 ??) ????????? , ?????? , ?????????????
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?????????? ???????? ( ?????? : Sir John Bowring ; 17 ?????? ?.?. 2335 ? 23 ????????? ?.?. 2415) ???? ?????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????????????????? ????? 4 ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? 70 ??

??????????????????????????? 4 ?????? ????????? 5 ?????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? “??????????????????????” ???????? ^[1] ????????????????? “ ??????????????????? ????????????? ”

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????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? 10 ???????? ? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? "Westminster Review” ???????????????????????? ????????? 2368 ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? (Doctor of Laws) ??? ???????????????????? (University of Groningen) ???????????????????????? Kilmarnock Burghs ??????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??? ?????????????????? 2392 ?????????????? 5 ?? ???????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? 2398

??????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? " ????????????????? ” ??????????? 18 ?????? 2398 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????

???????????????? 5 ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ???? "??????????????????? ?????????????” ????????? ?.?. 2404 ???????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? 23 ????????? ?.?. 2415

????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? ??????? “??????????” ??????? “???????????” ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????? 18 ?????? ?.?. 2398 (?.?. 1855) ?????????????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????????? 3 ???????? ??????????????????????????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ??????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 70 ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????? 6 ???????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ?.?. 2461 (1918) ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ?.?. 2482 (1938) ???????? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (??? ??????? ) ???????????

??????? [ ??? ]

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??????? [ ??? ]

??????????

• Bartle, G. F. (1963). "Jeremy Bentham and John Bowring: a study of the relationship between Bentham and the editor of his Collected Works ". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research . 36 (93): 27?35. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-2281.1963.tb00620.x .
• Bartle, George Frederick (1994). An old radical and his brood: a portrait of Sir John Bowring and his family based mainly on the correspondence of Bowring and his son, Frederick Bowring . London: Janus.
• ??????:Cite Maclise
• Bowring, Philip (2011). "Sir John Bowring: the imperial role of a lifelong radical". Asian Affairs . 42 (3): 419?29. doi : 10.1080/03068374.2011.605604 . S2CID   163009129 .
• Bowring, Philip (2014). Free Trade's First Missionary: Sir John Bowring in Europe and Asia . Hong Kong University Press. ISBN   9789888208722 .
• Endacott, G. B. (2005) [1962]. A Biographical Sketch-Book of Early Hong Kong . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press . pp. 36?44. ISBN   978-962-209-742-1 .
• Hurd, Douglas. "Sir John Bowring of Hong Kong, The Radical Governor" History Today (1967) 17#10 pp 651-659 online
• Jumsai, M L Manich (1970). King Mongkut and Sir John Bowring . Great Britain: Chalermnit.
• Ringmar, Erik (2013). Liberal Barbarism: The European Destruction of the Palace of the Emperor of China . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   9781137268907 .
• Stone, Gerald (2009) [2004]. "Bowring, Sir John (1792?1872)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/3087 . (???????????????)
• Todd, David (2008). "John Bowring and the global dissemination of free trade". Historical Journal . 51 (2): 373?97. doi : 10.1017/s0018246x08006754 . S2CID   153892975 .
• Youings, Joyce Alice, ?.?. (1993). Sir John Bowring, 1792?1872: aspects of his life and career . Plymouth: Devonshire Association.

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• ????????????: 24 ?????? ???????? 2007-09-27 ??? ?????????????? ??????
• ????????????: 17 ?????? ^{[ ????????? ]} ??????