??????????? ????????

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??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
??????????? ????????
Christopher Columbus
?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? (?????????: ??????????? ????????????
??????? ??????-???????? 1451
?????? , ???????
?????? ( 1506-05-20 ) ?? 20, 1506
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?????? ?????? ????????????
??????? ?????????(????????????????)
???? ???????? ??????????? ????????
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????? ????? ????????????
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?????????? ????????????? (?????????????)
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??????????? ???????? ( Christopher Columbus ) (1451?1506) ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????. ???? 1492 -??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ( ??????????? ???????? ?????????) ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????. [1] [2] [3] [4]

???????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????.

????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? 1492??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? , ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????.

???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????????; 11??? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????????????? ?????????????. [5] ) ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????; ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????, ????????????, ?????????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????. [1]

?????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ("????????????????" ???????????? ????) ????? ?????????. [6] [7] [8] ????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? 1500??? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????????. ???????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????.

?????????? ???????? ?????????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????????? , ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????, ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????.

???????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????.

???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? . ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ????? ???????????? ??????. ????????? ??????????? ,?? ????????????????? 11??? ?????????????? ?? ????????????????? ????????????. ???????????, ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? 1451-?? ?????????. [9] ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????????,??? ??????.

1471 -??? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ( ?????? ???? -??? ???? ??? ????) ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. [10] ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????(??????? ?????????????????? -? ?? 29 , 1453 ??? ???????????????????).

1476 -??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? -??? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????.

??????????? ????????

1477 -??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? , ?????????? , ????????? , ??????? , ? ??????? , ????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????.

???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????. 1477-?? ???????????????, 1478 -??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? 1482???? 1485-?????, ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????. [1]

???????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????( 1479 -???). ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ???????? 1485 -??? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ( 1488 -???) ????????. [11] ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????.

?????????? ???? ???? [ ???? ]

????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????

?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????.??????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????????. 1470???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????.??? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????.???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????.

????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????,?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????????????; ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? 1892?? ???????; ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????.???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????.

??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????. ??????? ?????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????, ??? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? -??? ?????????? ????? ????????????.

????????? ??????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ???? ???????? ???????????????

1480 -???, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? (?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ( ????? ) ) ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ( ??????????? ) ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ???????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????(????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????????). ????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????????. ?? ?????????? ????? -???? ???????? ???? ???????????(??????????? ??????????????? ????????) 180 ???? ???? ????????, ????? 180 ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. (????????? ??? 120 ???? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?????). ???????? ??'????????? ?????????, ?????? 225 ???? ?????, 135 ???? ???? ??????, ???????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? 1 ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (5000 ????????????????), ???? ???? (6,082.66 ??? ????????????????? ?????????) ??????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? 2,700 ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ????????? ????????? 13,000 ???????, ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????.

???????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ???????: ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????
??????????? ?????????? ????????????.

1492?????? 1503?????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????.

????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. [1] ???? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. [12]

????? ????? [ ???? ]

?????? ????? ???????? ????

???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? 1485-??? ????????????. ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? 1492-??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ????????( ???????????? ??? ????? , ???????????? ???????? ) ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? -???? ???????????????????. ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????, ????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????.

????????? ?????? 3 ?????, ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? , ?????? , ?????? ???????????? [13] . ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ??????? -??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???????? 12 , 1492-??? ???????????.

12 ???????? 1492 ? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????, ?????? - ???? ??????????? .

???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??????? ???????????????????, ??????????????? ??????????. ???????? 14 , 1492 ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????;?? ????? ??????????? ?????????.

"????? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ; ??????,???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? . ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? . ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????."

???????? ??????? ????? ?????????, ???????????? , ?? ????????????? ?????? ???????????????( ???????? 28 -???). ?????? ????? ??? ??????????, ??? ???? ????? ???????????????. ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? 39 ???? ?????? ????????.

????? 4 , 1493 -??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????.?????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????????????????, ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????????????. ??????? ?????? 15 -??? ???? ????????????? ?????????.

????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ????? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? , ????????????? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

???????? ????? [ ???? ]

1492???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? (????);???????? ??????????????????? ????? ????? 'Al Almirante' ????? ?????????????????.(????)

???? ???? ???????? ??????? (1493?1496)-??? ??????????? 24 1493-??? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????????, ????????????????????? ?????????????? 17 ???????????,1200 ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????.

???? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? -??????, ??????? ????????? ???????, ?????????? , ?????????????? , ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? -??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????. ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????????. ??????? ???? ?? ????????????? -??????????????, ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????. ?? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????(????? ???????????? ?????????????????), ???? ?????????????? ?????????. ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????????. ??????? ???? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? -???? ???? ??????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ??? ?????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ???????????????.

???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????. ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ????? -???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? , 1495 -??? ???????? ?????? -?????????? 1600 ???? ???????????????????. 550 ???? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????????? 200 ???? ?????????? ???????? (?????? ??????????????). ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????, ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????.

?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ??????? -?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????.???????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????????.

???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????.

?????????, ???????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????????? '???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????' ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. 1496-??? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. 3,000,000 ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????. 1514-??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? 22,000 ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????. 1542-??? 200 ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? 10 , 1496 -??? ????????????. ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????.

???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???? 1500-?? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????.

???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

1498 -??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? (???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????) ???? , ???????????. ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? 31??? ???????????????. ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????.

??????? ????????????????, ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????.???????? ??????????????????????, ??????????????????????? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????????.???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????????, ???????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? 1500 -??? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????.??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ????????????????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????: ?????? ? ???? ??????????? 1499 -??? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????????????(??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????).

?????????????? ???????? ??????????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ???? ??????? ??????? 1502 - 1504 -???(?????????????? ?? 9 , 1502) ????????????. ?????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ????????? -???? ?????? -????????? ????? ??? ??????????. 1502-??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????. ??? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ???? ???????????????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ???????????? 1504-??? ?????????????????.

???????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????.???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ????, ????????????? ??????? ???????. ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ???????????.

???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????????.

?? 20, 1506 -??? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???? ??????????????, ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????. ??????? ???????????????? , ???? ?????? -????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???????? ???????????????? ??????, ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? 1542 -??? ?????? ??????????. 1795 -??? ???????? ???????????????????, ??????????? ?????????????. 1898 ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? (Seville) ????????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????.

???????? ???????? [ ???? ]

????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? [14]
?????? ??????????????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ??????????, ??????, ??????, ???? ???????? ??????????????. [15]

??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????: ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? (1502), ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? (1505). [1] [16]

????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? 10% ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????????; ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????. ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ( pleitos colombinos ) ?????????????.

???????? ?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???? ????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????; 41 ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????. ????????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????.

?????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????. [17] [18] ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????; ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???. ???????? ??. ??????? ???????????. [17]

???????? ?????. ???????????? - ???. ?????? & ??., 1893.

?? 20, 1506??? ???? 54??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????.

?????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ??????? [19]

?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?? ????????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????. 1542??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? (?????? ??????????? ???????? ) ?????????????. 1795???, ?? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. 1898??? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????? [20] ???????????????? ????????? ?????????????.

1877??? ?????? ???????????? "???? ??????????? ????????" ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????; ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????.

?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? 2003??? ??????????????? ?????? ??. ???. ?. ??????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ????????? ??. ???. ? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????; [21] ??.???. ? ??????????? ??????? ????????; ??????????? ?? ?????-???????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ??????????? ?? ?????-???????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????; ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????. [22]

???????????, ??? ?????????? , ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????. [23] ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????; ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????. [23] [24] ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? "???????? ???????????????????" ( Faro a Colon ) ??????.

???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????????; ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????.?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????????.

????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????,???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????.

???????? - ??? ??????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ????????????? ?????????? 400 ???????? ?? 1892 ????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????.

??? ?? ?????????????? ???????,???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????.???? ?????, ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????, ???? ????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????.

?????????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ????????-????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????.

???????? - ???? ??? ????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??? ????????? ??????. ?????, ????????? ?????????? ??????????? , ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????.

??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????, 1960????????? ?????, ???? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????????? - ???????????????????, ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? - ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????.???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????, 1493-1500?? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? (??? ?????????) ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????????, ???? ????????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????.

???? ??????????,?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????. 1992?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? 500??? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???????????? ???????? 2002?? , ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? "????????? ????????? ????" ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????.

???????? ??????????? [ ???? ]

~ ??????????? ???????? ~
?.?. ???????? ???????, 1893.

1492??? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? 12 ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????????????. ?????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????.

1893??? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????. [25] ??? ???????? ????? ???????????????? 27 ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????? 16 ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????; ??? ????????, ???? ????????, ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????????????? 5 ????? ????????? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????; ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? "?????????? ???????????" ???????? 72% ?????. [26]

1992???, 500??? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????. [27]

??????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????????????? ( ??? ? ?????? ), ?????? ???????? [28]

????????, ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? "????????????? ????????????" ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? . ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????; ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????? "?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????" ???? ????????????. [29]

???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? [30] ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????. [31] ????????, ???????? ????????????? ???????????? "????? ?????" , "?????? ?????" ?????? ???? ??????????????????. [32] ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????????; 1502??? ??????????? ????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????. [33] ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????? ???????. [32] ????, ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????.

??? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? ???? , ?????? , ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.

?????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???? ?????? ???? 1502-04??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, 1507??? ????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????????; ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? "????????" ????????????? ??????.

??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. [34]

????????, ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????? 1738??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????. [35] ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ( ????????? ???????? ), ?????? ???????????? ????????????????? ( ????? , ???? ??????? ), ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? 1819??? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????. ?? ????????, ??????, ????????????, ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. 1866??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? 1892??? ??????????? ?????? 400??? ????????? ???????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Christopher Columbus Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2010.
  2. ↑ Scholastic Teacher ? Christopher Columbus (1451?1506) ????????????? 2011-09-20 at the ??????? ????????? Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities. Milton Meltzer. Author, Columbus and the World Around Him .
  3. ↑ World Book ? Columbus, Christopher ????????????? 2012-12-03 at Archive.today "Columbus, Christopher". World Book Store has the encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas, homework help, study aids, and curriculum guides. 2010
  4. ↑ Questia ? COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER "Columbus, Christopher". Questia ? The Online Library of Books and Journals. 2010
    Memorials Of Columbus: Or, A Collection Of Authentic Documents Of That Celebrated Navigator (page 9) Country of origin: USA. Pages: 428. Publisher: BiblioBazaar. Publication Date: 2010-01-01.
    Native American History for Dummies (page 127) Authors: Dorothy Lippert, Stephen J. Spignesi and Phil Konstantin. Paperback: 364 pages. Publisher: For Dummies. Publication Date: 2007-10-29.
    The peoples of the Caribbean: an encyclopedia of archeology and traditional culture (p. 67) Author: Nicholas J. Saunders. Hardcover: 399 pages. Publisher: ABC-CLIO. Publication Date: 15 July 2006.
  5. ↑ "Parks Canada ? L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada" . 24 April 2009 . ????????????? ???? 29 July 2009 .
  6. ↑ Hoxie, Frederick (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Indians . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p.  568 . ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-395-66921-1 .
  7. ↑ Philip Herbst (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States . Intercultural Press. p. 116. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-1-877864-97-1 .
  8. ↑ David Wilton (2 December 2004). Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . Oxford University Press. pp. 164?165. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-19-517284-3 .
  9. ↑ Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Page 9.
    " Even with less than a complete record, however, scholars can state with assurance that Columbus was born in the republic of Genoa in northern Italy, although perhaps not in the city itself, and that his family made a living in the wool business as weavers and merchants...The two main early biographies of Columbus have been taken as literal truth by hundreds of writers, in large part because they were written by individual closely connected to Columbus or his writings. ...Both biographies have serious shortcomings as evidence. "
  10. ↑ " Christopher Columbus ". Thomas C. Tirado, PhD Professor History. Millersville University.
  11. ↑ "Christopher Columbus Biography Page 2" . Columbus-day.123holiday.net . ????????????? ???? 29 July 2009 .
  12. ↑ "The Naming of America" . Umc.sunysb.edu. Archived from the original on 29 ???????? 2013 . ????????????? ???? 10 April 2011 .
  13. ↑ "THE ORIGINAL NINA" . The Nina & Pinta . British Virgin Islands: The Columbus Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 ?? 2015 . ????????????? ???? 12 October 2013 .
  14. ↑ "Columbus Monuments Pages: Valladolid" . ????????????? ???? 3 January 2010 .
  15. ↑ "Columbus Monuments Pages: Sevilla" . ????????????? ???? 3 January 2010 .
  16. ↑ Froom 1950 , ?. 2.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Christopher Columbus Suffered From a Fatal Form of Arthritis" . University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 29 ???????? 2013 . ????????????? ???? 11 August 2013 .
  18. ↑ Hoenig, LJ (February 1992). "The arthritis of Christopher Columbus". The Archives of Internal Medinal 152 (2): 274?7. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400140028008 . ??????? : 1472175 .  
  19. ↑ John Boyd Thacher (1904). Christopher Columbus: his life, his works, his remains: as revealed by original printed and manuscript records, together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolome de las Casas, the first historians of America . G. P. Putnam & Sons . ????????????? ???? 27 December 2011 .
  20. ↑ " Cristobal Colon: traslacion de sus restos mortales a la ciudad de Sevilla at Fundacion Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes" . Cervantesvirtual.com. Archived from the original on 14 ???????? 2020 . ????????????? ???? 29 July 2009 .
  21. ↑ Tremlett, Giles. "Young bones lay Columbus myth to rest" . The Guardian . ????????????? ???? 26 October 2014 .
  22. ↑ "DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain" . Associated Press . ????????????? ???? 26 October 2014 .
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Alvarez-Cubero, MJ; Martinez-Gonzalez, LJ; Saiz, M; Alvarez, JC; Lorente, JA (8 March 2010). "New applications in genetic identification" . Cuadernos de Medicina Forense 16 (1?2): 5?18. doi : 10.4321/S1135-76062010000100002 . ??????????? ?? ????? ??? : 1135-7606 . http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S1135-76062010000100002&script=sci_arttext .  
  24. ↑ DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain , ???????????? ?????? , 19 May 2006
  25. ↑ "Bird's-Eye View of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893" . ??? ?????????? . 1893 . ????????????? ???? 17 July 2013 .
  26. ↑ Haimann, Alexander T., "2-cent Landing of Columbus", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014.
  27. ↑ "Columbian Exposition Souvenir Sheets", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014.
  28. ↑ "Columbus Monuments Pages: Santo Domingo" . ????????????? ???? 3 January 2010 .
  29. ↑ Dugard, Martin. The Last Voyage of Columbus . Little, Brown and Company: New York, 2005.
  30. ↑ Thomas F. McIlwraith; Edward K. Muller (2001). North America: the historical geography of a changing continent . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7425-0019-8 .
  31. ↑ Sale, Kirkpatrick (1991). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy , pp. 204?209
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Eviatar Zerubavel (2003). Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America . Transaction Publishers. pp. 90?91. ??????????? ?????????? ???   978-0-7658-0987-2 .
  33. ↑ Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 227.
  34. ↑ "Columbus Monuments Pages: Denver" . ????????????? ???? 3 January 2010 .
  35. ↑ The Gentleman's Magazine , Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285 .

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

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