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???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ( ?????????: Writing) ???, ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????.

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v t e ???????? ???? ???? ???????
????	???????? ???? (c. 3000 BCE) ?????? (105 CE)
??????	Index card (1640s) Punched tape (mid-1800s) ?????? ??? (1880 ????) Edge-notched card (1904) Optical mark recognition (1930s) Barcode (1948)

v t e Communication studies
History Outline
Topics and terminology	Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer-mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural / Interpersonal / Intrapersonal communication Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta-communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Nonviolent communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing
Subfields	Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis communication Climate communication Cross-cultural communication Development communication Discourse analysis Environmental communication Global communication Health communication International communication Mass communication Media studies Mediated cross-border communication Organizational communication Political communication Risk communication Science communication Technical communication Visual communication Closed-loop communication
Scholars	Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Fisher Flusser Gasset Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Tankard Tannen Wertheimer
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v t e ?????????
Learning	Adolescent literacy Emergent literacy Family literacy Functional illiteracy Phonics Post-literacy Whole language
Locations	List of countries by literacy rate India Bihar New Zealand Tokelau Romania United States
Institutions	International Literacy Association International Literacy Day National Council of Teachers of English No Child Left Behind Act
People	Marie Clay Ruth Johnson Colvin Paulo Freire James Paul Gee Griffith Jones Frank Laubach Brian Street
Other types	Agricultural Braille Carbon Computer Critical Cultural Data Digital Diaspora Ecological Electracy Emotional Faith Financial Geo-literacy Graph Health Information Information literacies Information and media Legal Media Mental health Multiliteracies Musical Numeracy Object Oracy Power Physical Racial Religious Scientific Social Statistical Technological Transliteracy Visual Web
???????	Aliteracy Asemic writing Children's literature Dick and Jane Dyslexia Literacy test Media consumption Orality Oral literature Post-literate society Reading ???? ???? Writing system