??????????

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan ; Turkmenistan (?????)
?????	Emblem
	?????: ' ; Turkmenistan Bitaraplygy? watanydyr ; "Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality"
	?????: ; Gara?syz Bitarap Turkmenistany? Dowlet Gimni ; " National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan " ?????:Parabr
	?????? ?????????? (red)
???? ?? ???	Ashgabat ; 37°58′N 58°20′E / 37.967°N 58.333°E
?? ??? ??? ???	Ashgabat
????? ??????	Turkmen
???? ???? (2012)	85.6% Turkmens ; 5.8% Uzbeks ; 5.1% Russians ; 0.4% Kazakhs ; 3.1% others ;
???? (2020)	93% Islam ; 6.4% Christianity ; 0.6% other ;
????? ?????	Turkmenistani ?????:R ; Turkmen ; Turkmenian
?????	Unitary presidential republic under a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship
? President	Serdar Berdimuhamedow
? Vice President	Ra?it Meredow
? Chairman of the People's Council	Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
? Chairperson of the Assembly	Dunyagozel Gulmanowa
?????	Assembly
????
? Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic	13 May 1925
? Declared independence from the Soviet Union	22 August 1990
? Recognized	26 December 1991
? Current constitution	18 May 1992
????
? ????	491?210 km 2 (189?660 sq mi) ( 52nd )
? ????	24?069 km 2 (9?293 sq mi)
? ???? (%)	4.9
?????
? ???? ?????	7,057,841
? ???????	14.4 /km 2 (37.3 /sq mi) ( 221st )
??? ?? ?? ( ????? ??? ???? )	2023 ?? ??
? ??	$126.132 billion ( 93nd )
? ?? ?????	$19,938 ( 80th )
???. ??. ?? (??? ???? ? )	2023 ?? ??
? ??	$81.822 billion

?????????? (Turkmensistan) ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? (Republic of Turkmenistan) ? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???: ”?????? ????? ?? ???“. ^[13] ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ????????? ??? ? ????????? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ? ??? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???. ??? ???? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???. 65 ?? (6.5 ????) ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? 35 ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???.

?????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??. ??? (Merv) ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????-???? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??. ??? 1881? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??. 1925 ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ??? ??? ??)? ??? ??? 1991? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???.

??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? 1991? ? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???: ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ”??????? ?? ???????“ ?? ??? ????? ???. ??? 2006 ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? 2007? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? (?? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????) ? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??? 2022? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??? ??. ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???. ??? 1993? ??? 2019? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ????? ???.

Turkmenistan ^{[lower-alpha 1]} is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest , Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast , Afghanistan to the southeast , Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. ^[15] Ashgabat is the capital and largest city . It is one of the six independent Turkic states. With a population of 6.5 million, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia ^[16] and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations on the Asian continent. ?????:R ^[17]^[4]

Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. ^[18] Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, ^[19] and was once among the biggest cities in the world. ^[20] It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road . Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union , the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. ^[18]

The country is widely criticized for its poor human rights , ^[21]^[22] its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Turkmenba?y/Turkmenba?ı or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow , who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (he had been vice-president and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar , who won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor fair , and now shares power with his father. ^[23]^[24]^[6]

Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas . ^[25] Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert . From 1993 to 2019, citizens received government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge. ^[26] Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States , the Turksoy community and a member of the United Nations . ^[27]

???? [ ??????? ]

?????????? ?? ???? (Turkmenistan) ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??: ?????? (Turkmen) ? ????? ????? -????? (-stan) ????? ”???“ ?? ”???“. ???? "??????" ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? -??? (-men)? ???? ?? ???? ??? "?????? ???"? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? "???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? (????: ?????? ?????? ?????) ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? 971? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???. ?????????? ??? 1991? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 27 ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? 1 ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???: ?????????? (Turkmenistan? ????: Т?ркменистан). ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? (????:Туркмения? ???????: Turkmeniya)? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???.

????? [ ??????? ]

?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? (Achaemenid) ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. 10??? ??? ?????? ?? "??????" ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???.

??????? [ ??????? ]

?? ??? ?? ????? ? ???. ?? ?? ??? ? ????????? ? ????? ? ???? ? ?????? (Caspian) ???? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???. ^[13]

?????????? ?? ?? ???? 488100 ???? ??????? (188400 ???? ???) ? ????? 44 ?? 36 ???? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? (Ashkhabad) ? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? Ayrybaba (?????: 3137 ????) ???. ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? (????) ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???. ???? ???? ??? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ???. ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 27 ?????? 1991? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? (UNO) ?? ??????? 2 ???? 1992? ??? ???. ^[13]

????? [ ??????? ]

↑ " " Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality" is the motto of 2020 | Chronicles of Turkmenistan" . En.hronikatm.com. ??? 8 June 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 May 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ "Turkmen parliament places Year 2020 under national motto "Turkmenistan ? Homeland of Neutrality" ? tpetroleum" . Turkmenpetroleum.com. ??? 8 June 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 May 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF) . ??? 15 May 2019 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 17 December 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 "Dual Citizenship" . Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan. ??? 23 May 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 23 May 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑
* Gore, Hayden (2007). " Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan ". Human Rights & Human Welfare ( Denver : Josef Korbel School of International Studies ) (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107?116 . https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/russia/totalitarianism.pdf . Retrieved 29 June 2021 .
- Williamson, Hugh. "The internet is crucial" . Human Rights Watch . ??? 4 May 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
- Horak, Slavomir; ?ir, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow . Washington, D.C. : Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies . ISBN 9789185937172 . https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/106328/js09turkmenistanunder.pdf . Retrieved 4 May 2022 .
- " Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas ". Eurasianet . 15 March 2022 . https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-new-president-old-ideas .
- "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan" . Freedom House . ??? 23 May 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
- Stronski, Paul. "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF) . Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . ??? 1 January 2022 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 " Turkmenistan's president expands his father's power ". Associated Press ( Ashgabat ). 22 January 2023 . https://apnews.com/article/politics-gurbanguly-berdimuhamedow-turkmenistan-a8e746a5bb9935323f3f52e193b54468 .
↑ Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике : Информация о Туркменистане: О Туркменистане ??????? ??? ??? 7 January 2012 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . : Туркменистан ? одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.
↑ " " Ilat yazuwy ? 2022": Turkmenistany? ilaty 7 million 57 mu? 841 adama de? boldy | Jemgyyet" .
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Turkmenistan)" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ???? ??? 14 October 2023 .
↑ "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan" . ??? 6 October 2016 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???.
↑ "Turkmenistan" . ??? 10 January 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 10 August 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" . United Nations Development Programme . ??? 19 March 2024 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 22 March 2023 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ?????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????.
↑ Clark, Larry (1998) (en ?). Turkmen Reference Grammar . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 50.
↑ Afanasiev (58b00667a5209), Vladimir. "Deep-water friendship: Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan bury Caspian Sea hatchet" . Upstream Online | Latest oil and gas news . ???? ??? 2023-04-07 .
↑ "Asian Countries by Population (2023)" .
↑ "Turkmenian" . Ethnologue . ??? 14 January 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 13 December 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 "Turkmenistan" , The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), ??? 10 January 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? , ???? ??? 25 October 2021 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ "State Historical and Cultural Park "Ancient Merv " " . UNESCO-WHC . ??? 19 November 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 July 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ Tharoor, Kanishk. "Lost cities #5: how the magnificent city of Merv was razed ? and never recovered" . The Guardian . ??? 29 April 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 July 2020 . Once the world's biggest city, the Silk Road metropolis of Merv in modern Turkmenistan destroyed by Genghis Khan's son and the Mongols in AD1221 with an estimated 700,000 deaths. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named flee
↑ ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kerry
↑ " As Expected, Son Of Turkmen Leader Easily Wins Election In Familial Transfer Of Power " (en ?). RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-serdar-berdymukhammedov-presidency/31753690.html .
↑ " Turkmenistan: Autocrat president's son claims landslide win ". Deutsche Welle . 15 March 2022 . https://www.dw.com/en/turkmenistan-autocrat-presidents-son-claims-landslide-win/a-61128199 .
↑ "BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019" (PDF) . ????. 30. ??? 26 December 2019 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 13 December 2019 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ "Turkmen ruler ends free power, gas, water ? World News" . Hurriyet Daily News . ??? 15 July 2018 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 15 July 2018 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )
↑ AA, DAILY SABAH WITH. " ' Turkmenistan's new status in Turkic States significant development ' " . Daily Sabah . ??? 23 February 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 2022-02-23 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

?? ????? ??? ????? ???. ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? .

????? ?? ??: "lower-alpha" ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? <ref> ???? ?? ??????? ??? <references group="lower-alpha"/> ?? ????

[1] " " Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality" is the motto of 2020 | Chronicles of Turkmenistan" . En.hronikatm.com. ??? 8 June 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 May 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[2] "Turkmen parliament places Year 2020 under national motto "Turkmenistan ? Homeland of Neutrality" ? tpetroleum" . Turkmenpetroleum.com. ??? 8 June 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 May 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[constitution-3] "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF) . ??? 15 May 2019 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 17 December 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[usembassy-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Dual Citizenship" . Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan. ??? 23 May 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 23 May 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[5] * Gore, Hayden (2007). " Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan ". Human Rights & Human Welfare ( Denver : Josef Korbel School of International Studies ) (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107?116 . https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/russia/totalitarianism.pdf . Retrieved 29 June 2021 .
Williamson, Hugh. "The internet is crucial" . Human Rights Watch . ??? 4 May 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

Horak, Slavomir; ?ir, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow . Washington, D.C. : Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies . ISBN 9789185937172 . https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/106328/js09turkmenistanunder.pdf . Retrieved 4 May 2022 .

" Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas ". Eurasianet . 15 March 2022 . https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-new-president-old-ideas .

"Nations in Transit: Turkemistan" . Freedom House . ??? 23 May 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

Stronski, Paul. "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF) . Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . ??? 1 January 2022 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[6] Williamson, Hugh. "The internet is crucial" . Human Rights Watch . ??? 4 May 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[7] Horak, Slavomir; ?ir, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow . Washington, D.C. : Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies . ISBN 9789185937172 . https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/106328/js09turkmenistanunder.pdf . Retrieved 4 May 2022 .

[8] " Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas ". Eurasianet . 15 March 2022 . https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-new-president-old-ideas .

[9] "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan" . Freedom House . ??? 23 May 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[10] Stronski, Paul. "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF) . Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . ??? 1 January 2022 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 4 May 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[AP_People's_Council-6] 6.0 ^6.1 " Turkmenistan's president expands his father's power ". Associated Press ( Ashgabat ). 22 January 2023 . https://apnews.com/article/politics-gurbanguly-berdimuhamedow-turkmenistan-a8e746a5bb9935323f3f52e193b54468 .

[7] Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике : Информация о Туркменистане: О Туркменистане ??????? ??? ??? 7 January 2012 ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? . : Туркменистан ? одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.

[8] " " Ilat yazuwy ? 2022": Turkmenistany? ilaty 7 million 57 mu? 841 adama de? boldy | Jemgyyet" .

[IMFWEO.TM-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Turkmenistan)" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . ???? ??? 14 October 2023 .

[10] "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan" . ??? 6 October 2016 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???.

[11] "Turkmenistan" . ??? 10 January 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 10 August 2022 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[HDI-12] "Human Development Report 2023/24" . United Nations Development Programme . ??? 19 March 2024 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 22 March 2023 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[سنڌيانا-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ?????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????.

[14] Clark, Larry (1998) (en ?). Turkmen Reference Grammar . Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 50.

[16] Afanasiev (58b00667a5209), Vladimir. "Deep-water friendship: Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan bury Caspian Sea hatchet" . Upstream Online | Latest oil and gas news . ???? ??? 2023-04-07 .

[17] "Asian Countries by Population (2023)" .

[18] "Turkmenian" . Ethnologue . ??? 14 January 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 13 December 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[World_Factbook-19] 18.0 ^18.1 "Turkmenistan" , The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency), ??? 10 January 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? , ???? ??? 25 October 2021 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[20] "State Historical and Cultural Park "Ancient Merv " " . UNESCO-WHC . ??? 19 November 2020 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 July 2020 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[21] Tharoor, Kanishk. "Lost cities #5: how the magnificent city of Merv was razed ? and never recovered" . The Guardian . ??? 29 April 2021 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 26 July 2020 . Once the world's biggest city, the Silk Road metropolis of Merv in modern Turkmenistan destroyed by Genghis Khan's son and the Mongols in AD1221 with an estimated 700,000 deaths. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[flee-22] ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named flee

[Kerry-23] ????? ?? ??: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kerry

[24] " As Expected, Son Of Turkmen Leader Easily Wins Election In Familial Transfer Of Power " (en ?). RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmenistan-serdar-berdymukhammedov-presidency/31753690.html .

[25] " Turkmenistan: Autocrat president's son claims landslide win ". Deutsche Welle . 15 March 2022 . https://www.dw.com/en/turkmenistan-autocrat-presidents-son-claims-landslide-win/a-61128199 .

[26] "BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019" (PDF) . ????. 30. ??? 26 December 2019 ?? ??? (PDF) ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 13 December 2019 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[27] "Turkmen ruler ends free power, gas, water ? World News" . Hurriyet Daily News . ??? 15 July 2018 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 15 July 2018 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

[28] AA, DAILY SABAH WITH. " ' Turkmenistan's new status in Turkic States significant development ' " . Daily Sabah . ??? 23 February 2022 ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? . ???? ??? 2022-02-23 . Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( ??? )

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