Unitit States o Americae
|
---|
|
|
|
|
Caipital
| Washington, D.C.
38°53′N
77°01′W
/
38.883°N 77.017°W
/
38.883; -77.017
|
---|
Lairgest ceety
| New York Ceety
|
---|
Offeecial leids
| None at
federal level
[a]
|
---|
Naitional leid
| Inglis
[b]
|
---|
Demonym(s)
| American
|
---|
Govrenment
| Federal
presidential
constitutional republic
|
---|
|
| Joe Biden
(
D
)
|
---|
| Kamala Harris
(D)
|
---|
| Mike Johnson
(R)
|
---|
| John Roberts
|
---|
|
Legislatur
| Congress
|
---|
| Senate
|
---|
| Hoose o Representatives
|
---|
Unthirldom
|
---|
|
| Julie 4, 1776
|
---|
| September 3, 1783
|
---|
| Juin 21, 1788
|
---|
|
Aurie
|
---|
? Total
| 9,826,675 km
2
(3,794,100 sq mi)
[4]
[c]
(
3rd/4th
)
|
---|
? Water (%)
| 6.76
|
---|
Population
|
---|
? 2020 census
| 331,449,281
[5]
(
3rd
)
|
---|
? Density
| 87/sq mi (33.6/km
2
) (
146t
)
|
---|
GDP
(
PPP
)
| 2021 estimate
|
---|
? Total
| $22.940 trillion
[6]
(
2nt
)
|
---|
? Per capita
| $69,375
[6]
(
8t
)
|
---|
GDP
(nominal)
| 2021 estimate
|
---|
? Tot
| $22.940 trillion
[6]
(
1st
)
|
---|
? Per capita
| $69,375
[6]
(
5t
)
|
---|
Gini
(2020)
| 48.5
[7]
heich
|
---|
HDI
(2019)
| 0.926
[8]
verra heich
·
17t
|
---|
Currency
| Unitit States dollar
($) (
USD
)
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC
?5 to ?10
|
---|
| UTC
?4 to ?10
[e]
|
---|
Drivin side
| richt
[g]
|
---|
Cawin code
| +1
|
---|
ISO 3166 code
| US
|
---|
Internet TLD
| .us
.gov
.mil
.edu
|
---|
|
The
Unitit States o Americae
(
Inglis
:
United States of America
), commonly referred tae as the
Unitit States
(
Inglis
:
United States
,
U.S.
) or
Americae
(
Inglis
:
America
) or in navajo (
Navajo leid
Waashindoon Bikeyah Ałhidadiidzooigii), is a
constitutional
federal republic
componed o 50
states
, a
federal destrict
, five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.
[fn 1]
Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in
North Americae
atween
Canadae
an
Mexico
. The
state o Alaska
is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the
Bering Strait
frae
Roushie
tae the wast. The
state o Hawaii
is an
airchipelago
in the mid-
Pacific Ocean
. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the
Caribbean Sea
. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.
[12]
At 3.8 million squerr miles (9.8 million km
2
)
[13]
an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's
fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie
(an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie)
[fn 2]
an the
third-maist populous
. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an
multicultural
naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.
[18]
Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is
Washington, D.C.
an its mucklest ceety is
New York Ceety
; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are
Los Angeles
,
Chicago
,
San Francisco
,
Boston
,
Dallas
,
Philadelphia
,
Houston
,
Miami
, an
Atlanta
.
Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.
[19]
European colonisation
began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae
13 Breetish colonies
alang the
East Coast
. Mony disputes atween
Great Breetain
an the colonies in the eftermath o the
Seiven Years' War
led tae the
American Revolution
, whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the
American Revolutionary War
, delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the
Declaration o Unthirldom
. The war endit in 1783 wi
recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States
bi
Great Breetain
, an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.
[20]
The
current constitution
wis adoptit in 1788, efter the
Airticles o Confederation
, adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the
Bill o Richts
, war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties.
The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,
[21]
displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.
[21]
During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the
American Ceevil War
led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.
[22]
[23]
Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,
[24]
an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the
Industrial Revolution
, began tae growe a lot.
[25]
The
Spaingie?American War
an
Warld War I
confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae
Warld War II
as a global
superpouer
, the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae
uise them
in warfare, an a permanent member o the
Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil
. It is a foondin member o the
Organisation o American States
(OAS) an various ither
Pan-American
an internaitional organisations. The end o the
Cauld War
an the
end o the Soviet Union
in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.
[26]
The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest
economy bi nominal GDP
. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,
[27]
human development
, per capita GDP, an productivity per person.
[28]
While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o
services
an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.
[29]
Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,
[30]
the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP
[31]
an ower a third o global militar spendin,
[32]
makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an
militar
pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.
[33]
Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o
Great Breetain
's American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first
constitutional
an
democratic
federal
republic
, efter thair
declaration o unthirldom
in
1776
an the
Weir o Unthirldom
(
1775
?
1783
). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the
Treaty o Pairis
in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the
Philadelphia Convention
wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a
constitution
in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789.
George Washington
wis the first preses.
Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.
[34]
Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the
Thirteent Amendment
prohibitit sclavery, the
Fowerteent Amendment
providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million
African Americans
wha haed been sclaves,
[35]
an the
Fifteent Amendment
ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote.
The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o
Warld War I
, in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal
Allies o Warld War I
, helpin tae turn the tide against the
Central Pouers
. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.
[36]
The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o
radio
for mass communication an the invention o early
televeesion
.
[37]
The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the
Wall Street Crash o 1929
an the onset o the
Great Depression
. Efter his election as preses in 1932,
Franklin D. Roosevelt
respondit wi the
New Deal
, whit included the establishment o the
Social Security
seestem.
[38]
At first effectively neutral during
Warld War II
while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the
Allies
in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the
Empire o Japan
launched a surprise
attack on Pearl Harbor
, promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the
Axis pouers
.
[39]
The Unitit States developed the
first nuclear wappens
an uised them on Japan
in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki
; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.
[40]
[41]
Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the
Soviet Union
jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the
Cauld War
, driven bi an ideological divide atween
caipitalism
an
communism
[42]
an, accordin tae the schuil o
geopolitics
, a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist
Cheenese
an
North Korean
forces in the
Korean War
o 1950?53.
[43]
The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the
first airtifeecial satellite
an its 1961 launch o the
first manned spaceflicht
ineetiatit a "
Space Race
" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae
laund a man on the muin
in 1969.
[43]
A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the
Vietnam War
. At hame in the 1960s, the growin
Ceevil Richts Muivement
uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi
Martin Luther King Jr.
acomin a prominent leader an figurheid.
The late 1980s, unner the presidency o
Ronald Reagan
, brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an
its collapse
in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
On
September 11, 2001
,
Al-Qaeda
terrorists struck the
Warld Trade Center
in New York Ceety an
the Pentagon
near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.
[48]
In response, the Unitit States launched the
War on Terror
, whilk included
war in Afghanistan
an the 2003?11
Iraq War
.
[49]
[50]
Unner Preses
Barack Obama
, American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.
[51]
The widrawal caused
an escalation o sectarian insurgency
,
[52]
leadin tae the rise o the
Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant
, the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.
[53]
Geografie, climate, an environs
[
eedit
|
eedit soorce
]
The laund aurie o the
contiguous Unitit States
is 2,959,064 square mile (7,663,940.6 km
2
). Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at 663,268 square mile (1,717,856.2 km
2
).
Hawaii
, occupyin an airchipelago in the central
Paceefic
, soothwast o North Americae, is 10,931 square mile (28,311 km
2
) in aurie. The populatit territories o
Puerto Rico
,
American Samoa
,
Guam
,
Northren Mariana Islands
, an
U.S. Virgin Islands
thegither civer 9,185 square mile (23,789 km
2
).
[54]
The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.
[55]
The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast,
Mediterranean
in coastal Californie, an
oceanic
in coastal
Oregon
an
Washington
an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o
Florida
are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.
[56]
The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o
vascular plants
occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.
[57]
The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.
[58]
Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.
[59]
The
bauld eagle
is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.
[60]
The Unitit States is hame tae
mony culturs
an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.
[18]
[61]
Aside frae the
Hamespun American
,
Hamespun Hawaiian
, an
Hamespun Alaskan
populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.
[62]
Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.
[18]
[63]
Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries,
Mexican
dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.
[64]
Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.
[65]
Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.
[66]
[67]
In leeturatur,
Edgar Allen Poe
,
Emily Dickenson
,
Mark Twain
,
William Faulkner
,
Ernest Hemingway
,
F. Scott Fitzgerald
,
Herman Melville
, an
John Steinbeck
are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while
Jackson Pollock
,
Georgia O'Keefe
, an
Andy Warhol
are some o the maist weel kent American painters.
Hollywood
, a northren destrict o
Los Angeles
, Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.
[68]
Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.
[69]
Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi
African-American
cultur, wi
Duke Ellington
an
Louis Armstrong
pioneerin the
Jazz
genre.
Elvis Presley
an
Buddy Holly
war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin
Michael Jackson
,
Whitney Houston
,
Madonna
,
Katy Perry
,
Taylor Swift
, an
Beyonce
, amang mony ithers.
American fitbaa
is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.
[70]
The
National Football League
(NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the
Super Bowl
is watched bi millions globally.
Basebaw
haes been regairdit as the U.S.
naitional sport
syne the late 19t century, wi
Major League Baseball
(MLB) bein the tap league.
Basketbaw
an
ice hockey
are the kintra's next twa
leadin professional team sports
, wi the tap leagues bein the
National Basketball Association
(NBA) an the
National Hockey League
(NHL).
Aight
Olympic Gemmes
hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the
Simmer Olympic Gemmes
, mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the
Winter Olympic Gemmes
, the seicont maist behind Norawa.
[71]
- ↑
The five major territories are
American Samoa
,
Guam
, the
Northren Mariana Islands
,
Puerto Rico
, an the
Unitit States Virgin Islands
. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations:
Baker Island
,
Howland Island
,
Jarvis Island
,
Johnston Atoll
,
Kingman Reef
,
Midway Atoll
, an
Palmyra Atoll
. U.S. sovereignty ower
Bajo Nuevo Bank
,
Navassa Island
,
Serranilla Bank
, an
Wake Island
is disputit.
[11]
- ↑
The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States.
Baith soorces
exclude
Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae.
- The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,
[14]
an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it
excludes
coastal an territorial watters.
[15]
- The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,
[16]
an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.
[17]
This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it
includes
coastal an territorial watters.
- ↑
36 U.S.C.
§ 302
National motto
- ↑
Simonson, 2010
- ↑
Dept. of Treasury, 2011
- ↑
"United States"
.
The World Factbook
. CIA. September 30, 2009. Archived frae
the original
on 2018-12-25
. Retrieved January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers)
.
- ↑
"Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count"
.
United States Census
. Retrieved
26 Apryle
2021
.
The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.
- ↑
a
b
c
d
"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021"
.
IMF.org
.
International Monetary Fund
. Retrieved
13 October
2021
.
- ↑
"Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
27 Julie
2020
.
- ↑
"Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene"
(PDF)
(in Inglis).
United Nations Development Programme
. 15 December 2020
. Retrieved
15 December
2020
.
- ↑
Feder, Jody (25 Januar 2007).
"English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress"
(PDF)
. Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service)
. Retrieved
19 Juin
2007
.
- ↑
"Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010"
(PDF)
. Global Footprint Network. Archived frae
the original
(PDF)
on 9 Julie 2011
. Retrieved
11 Julie
2011
.
- ↑
U.S. State Department,
Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights
, December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.? an U.S. General Accounting Office Report,
U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution
Archived
2020-02-29 at the
Wayback Machine
, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.
- ↑
"Wildlife Library"
. National Wildlife Federation
. Retrieved
23 December
2014
.
- ↑
"
State and other areas
", U.S. Census Bureau,
MAF/TIGER
database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.
- ↑
"China"
. Encyclopaedia Britannica
. Retrieved
31 Januar
2010
.
- ↑
"United States"
. Encyclopaedia Britannica
. Retrieved
31 Januar
2010
.
- ↑
"United States"
. CIA. Archived frae
the original
on 25 December 2018
. Retrieved
10 Juin
2016
.
- ↑
"China"
. CIA. Archived frae
the original
on 13 October 2016
. Retrieved
10 Juin
2016
.
- ↑
a
b
c
Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001).
Dealing with Diversity
. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt.
ISBN 0-7872-8145-X
.
- ↑
Maugh II, Thomas H. (12 Julie 2012).
"Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Los Angeles County, California: Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
25 Februar
2015
.
"What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America?"
. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. Juin 2004. Archived frae
the original
on 28 November 2007
. Retrieved
19 Juin
2007
.
Kudeba, Nicolas (28 Februar 2014).
"Chapter 1 ? The First Big Steppe ? Aboriginal Canadian History"
.
The History of Canada Podcast
. Archived frae
the original
on 1 Mairch 2014.
Guy Gugliotta (Februar 2013).
"When Did Humans Come to the Americas?"
.
Smithsonian Magazine
. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution
. Retrieved
25 Juin
2015
.
- ↑
Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008).
A Companion to the American Revolution
. pp. 352?361.
Bender, Thomas (2006).
A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History
. New York: Hill & Wang. p. 61.
ISBN
978-0-8090-7235-4
.
"Overview of the Early National Period"
.
Digital History
. University of Houston. 2014
. Retrieved
25 Februar
2015
.
- ↑
a
b
Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey (2007).
Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America
. Turning Points in History Series. ABC-CLIO. p. 238.
ISBN
978-1-85109-833-0
.
- ↑
"The Civil War and emancipation 1861?1865"
.
Africans in America
. Boston, Massachusetts: WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999. Archived frae
the original
on 12 October 1999.
- ↑
Britannica Educational Publishing (2009). Wallenfeldt, Jeffrey H. (ed.).
The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power
. America at War. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 264.
ISBN
978-1-61530-045-7
.
- ↑
White, Donald W. (1996). "1: The Frontiers".
The American Century
. Yale University Press.
ISBN
0-300-05721-0
. Retrieved
26 Mairch
2013
.
- ↑
"Work in the Late 19th Century"
.
Library of Congress
. Retrieved
16 Januar
2015
.
- ↑
Tony Judt; Denis Lacorne (4 Juin 2005).
With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism
. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 61.
ISBN
978-1-4039-8085-4
.
Richard J. Samuels (21 December 2005).
Encyclopedia of United States National Security
. SAGE Publications. p. 666.
ISBN
978-1-4522-6535-3
.
Paul R. Pillar (1 Januar 2001).
Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy
. Brookings Institution Press. p. 57.
ISBN
0-8157-0004-0
.
Gabe T. Wang (1 Januar 2006).
China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait
. University Press of America. p. 179.
ISBN
978-0-7618-3434-2
.
Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond
. DIANE Publishing. p. 1.
ISBN
978-1-4289-1052-2
.
Akis Kalaitzidis; Gregory W. Streich (2011).
U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide
. ABC-CLIO. p. 313.
ISBN
978-0-313-38375-5
.
- ↑
"Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices"
.
OECD
. Retrieved
30 Apryle
2016
.
- ↑
"U.S. Workers World's Most Productive"
. CBS News. 11 Februar 2009
. Retrieved
23 Apryle
2013
.
- ↑
"Manufacturing, value added (current US$)"
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Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920. ... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.
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