??????? ?????

????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? 5??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ^[1]

????? ????? ??? ????-????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? 16??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ^[2] ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???, ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????-????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ^[3]^[4]^[5]

?????? [ ???? ]

????? ??????? ????? 5??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???

?????? ??? [ ???? ]

?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????

?? ????? ?? ??? [ ???? ]

?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???

?????? ??? ?????? ??? [ ???? ]

?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???-??? ?????? ???????

????? [ ???? ]

↑ "Classical", The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music , ed. Michael Kennedy, (Oxford, 2007), Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved July 23, 2007.
↑ Chew, Geffrey & Rastall, Richard. "Notation, §III, 1(vi): Plainchant: Pitch-specific notations, 13th?16th centuries". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
↑ Malm, W.P./Hughes, David W.. "Japan, §III, 1: Notation systems: Introduction". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
↑ IAN D. BENT, DAVID W. HUGHES, ROBERT C. PROVINE, RICHARD RASTALL, ANNE KILMER. "Notation, §I: General". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)
↑ Middleton, Richard. "Popular music, §I, 4: Europe & North America: Genre, form, style". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)

[Music_2007-1] "Classical", The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music , ed. Michael Kennedy, (Oxford, 2007), Oxford Reference Online . Retrieved July 23, 2007.

[2] Chew, Geffrey & Rastall, Richard. "Notation, §III, 1(vi): Plainchant: Pitch-specific notations, 13th?16th centuries". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)

[3] Malm, W.P./Hughes, David W.. "Japan, §III, 1: Notation systems: Introduction". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)

[4] IAN D. BENT, DAVID W. HUGHES, ROBERT C. PROVINE, RICHARD RASTALL, ANNE KILMER. "Notation, §I: General". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)

[5] Middleton, Richard. "Popular music, §I, 4: Europe & North America: Genre, form, style". In Macy, Laura. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. (subscription required)

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