???????? ????? ????

?????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???
???????? ????? ????
International Space Station
A rearward view of the।nternational Space Station backdropped by the limb of the Earth.।n view are the station's four large, gold-coloured solar array wings, two on either side of the station, mounted to a central truss structure. Further along the truss are six large, white radiators, three next to each pair of arrays.।n between the solar arrays and radiators is a cluster of pressurised modules arranged in an elongated T shape, also attached to the truss. A set of blue solar arrays are mounted to the module at the aft end of the cluster.
23 ?? 2010 ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????
???? ?? ?????
COSPAR ID 1998-067A
??? ?????? ????? , ??????
???? Fully crewed 6
Currently aboard 6
( ?????????? 41 )
???? 1998
???? ???? Baikonur 1/5 and 81/23
Kennedy LC-39
??? approximately 450,000 kg (990,000 lb)
????? 72.8 m (239 ft)
????? 108.5 m (356 ft)
???? ??. 20 ???? (??. 66 ????)
nadir?zenith, arrays forward?aft
(27 ????? 2009) [ dated info ]
??? ????? ???? 837 m 3 (29,600 cu ft)
(21 ???? 2011)
???? ??? 101.3 kPa (29.91 inHg , 1 atm )
Perigee 419 km (260 mi) AMSL [1]
Apogee 422 km (262 mi) AMSL [1]
??? ?? ???? 51.65 degrees [1]
??? ?????? 7.66 kilometres per second (27,600 km/h; 17,100 mph) [1]
???? ???? 92.85 minutes [1]
Orbit epoch 5 ?????? 2014 [1]
??? ???? ??? 9307
(14 ??)
Days occupied 8594
(14 ??)
????? ?? ????? 90839 [1]
Orbital decay 2 ??.??./?????
Statistics as of 9 ???? 2011
(???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????)
References: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
???-????
The components of the?SS in an exploded diagram, with modules on-orbit highlighted in orange, and those still awaiting launch in blue or pink
Station elements ??? 2017 ???
( exploded view )

???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ( ??.???.???. ) ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???-????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? 1998 ???? ????? ??? ??? [7] ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? [8] ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? [9]

????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???

?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? 28,000 ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???-??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???-??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 100 ???? ????, 70 ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? 1998 ??? ????????? ( ??? ) ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????-???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???-???? ?? ???-??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? [10]

???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? [ ???? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????, ????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ?????, ?????? , ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ????????, ???? ??????? , ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????, ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? [10]

????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Peat, Chris (5 October 2014). "ISS - Orbit" . Heavens-Above . Retrieved 5 October 2014 .
  2. ↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ISStD
  3. ↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named OnOrbit
  4. ↑ "STS-132 Press Kit" . NASA. 7 May 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 ????? 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 .
  5. ↑ "STS-133 FD 04 Execute Package" . NASA. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 ????? 2018 . Retrieved 27 February 2011 .
  6. ↑ "NASA ? Facts and Figures ??nternational Space Station" . NASA. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 ??? 2015 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 .
  7. ↑ "Central Research?nstitute for Machine Building (FGUP TSNIIMASH) Control of manned and unmanned space vehicles from Mission Control Centre Moscow" (PDF) . Russian Federal Space Agency . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . [ permanent dead link ]
  8. ↑ "NASA Sightings Help Page" . Spaceflight.nasa.gov. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 5 ????? 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored ( |url-status= suggested) ( help )
  9. ↑ ????? ???? ????:Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ISSBook
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 . 29 ????? 2015 http://punjabitribuneonline.com/2015/11/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B6%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BC-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B6%E0%A8%A8/ . Retrieved 16 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite web }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help )
" https://pa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????????_?????_????&oldid=715827 " ??? ???