???????????

??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? (??????? ?? ???? , ??????, ????]], ??? ?????), ?? ???? (brass), ?????? ???? (woodwinds), ????? ???? (percussion instruments) , ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?ρχ?στρα (orchestra) ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??

????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? (?? ??????? ???????????) ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???, ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???? ? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????

????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? (?????????? ??????) ?????????

???? [ ??????? ]

????? ??????????? [ ??????? ]

?????? ???? (Woodwinds): ? ???????; ? Oboe; ? Bassoon

?? ????: ? Natural horn; ? Natural trumpet

???????? (Percussion): ???????? (Timpani) (???, ????????? ???? )

??????? ? ?????? ????-????? ????: ????????????; ???? ????????; ?????; Theorbo

??? ????: ??????? I (?~??); ??????? II (?~?); ?????? (?~?); ??????????? (?~?); ??? ????? (?/?? ????? violone ?? ?????? low-pitched bowed strings) (?~?)

????????? ??????????? [ ??????? ]

?????? ???? (Woodwinds): ? Western concert flute; ? Oboe; ? ????????? ( Bb , C, or A); ? Bassoon

?? ????: 2 Natural horn; 2 Natural trumpet

???????? (Percussion): ? ???????? (performed by one timpanist)

???????: ???????????? ?? ???? ???????? (???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????)

???????: ?? ??????? I; ?? ??????? II; ? ??????; ? Violoncello; ? ??? ?????

Early Romantic orchestra [ ??????? ]

?????? ???? (Woodwinds): Piccolo; 2 Western concert flute; 2 Oboe; 2 ???????? ?????????; 2 Bassoon; Contrabassoon

???????? (Percussion): 2 Timpani (played by one timpanist); Snare drum; Bass drum; Cymbals; Triangle; Tambourine; Glockenspiel

?? ????: 4 Natural or valved horns; 2 Natural or valved trumpet; 3 Trombone; Tuba
Strings: 14 ??????? 1; 12 ??????? 2; 10 ??????; 8 Cello; 6 Double basses

1 Harp

Late Romantic orchestra [ ??????? ]

?????? ???? (Woodwinds): 1?2 Piccolo; 3?4 Western concert flute; 3?4 Oboe , of which some may double on; ( Cor anglais ); 3?4 Clarinet in B ♭ or A, of which some may double on; (1?2 E ♭ Clarinet ; D Clarinet) and; ( Bass clarinet ); 3?4 Bassoon; Contrabassoon

?? ????: 4?8 French , German , or Vienna horn (more rarely natural horn ); 3?6 ???????? in F, C, B ♭; 3?4 ????????; ??? ??????; (0?4 ?????? ?????? ? 2 Tenors, 2 Bass, usually doubled by horn players)

???????: ??????; ????????

? ?? ???? ?????

Percussion: 4 or more Timpani; ????? ????; ????? ????; Cymbals; Tam-tam; Triangle; ???????????; Glockenspiel; ????????; ????? ?? (Tubular bells)

???: ?? ??????? 1; ?? ??????? 2; ?? ??????; ?? ????; ?? ??? ?????

?????? ??????????? [ ??????? ]

?????? ???? (Woodwinds): 2?4 Western concert flute (1 doubling piccolo ); 2?4 Oboes (1 doubling cor Anglais ); 2?4 ????????? (1-2 doubling bass clarinet and/or E ♭ Clarinet); 2?4 Bassoons (1 doubling contrabassoon ); 1 contrabassoon; ( ??????????? )

?? ????: 4?8 German (usually double) horns in F/B ♭ (in France: French horn ; in Vienna: Vienna horn ); 3?6 Trumpet in B ♭ , C; 3?6 Trombones (1?2 bass trombone ); 1?2 ??????; (1 or more Baritone horn / euphonium ); (1 or more Wagner tuba )

Keyboards: 1 ??????; 1 ????????; ( ???? ???????? , ??? ?????)

1?2 ?????

???: 16 ??????? 1; 14 ??????? 2; 12 ??????; 10 Cello; 8 ??? ?????

Percussion: 4-5 Timpani (played by one timpanist); Snare drum; Tenor drum; Bass drum; Cymbals; Tam-tam; Triangle; Wood block; Tambourine; Glockenspiel; ???????? (Xylophone); Vibraphone; Tubular bells; Marimba; Drum kit (??? ?????); Other percussion instruments, including ethnic or world music instruments specified by composers

Other: As required by the compositions in the program, various electric instrument or electronic instrument may be used in the orchestra. These performers are not typically permanent orchestra members. They are typically freelancers hired on contract for one or more concerts. Instruments may include:

Theremin
Electric guitar
Electric bass
Synthesizer
Other electronic musical instrument
Non-musical instruments such as a typewriter or reel-to-reel tape player

????????? [ ??????? ]

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