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https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar

????????,???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? (Tsar-ц?рь, or цар, цaрь; Czar ?????????? Tzar ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ) ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????????????. ^[1] ^[2]

???? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????.

??? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ^[3]?????????? 1937? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ?? ???????.

???????? ??????? [ ????????? ]

?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????. ^[4] ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? , ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????????. king ???? ?????? (Russian korol' , Bulgarian kral) ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? korol,kral ?????????? ????????????. ???????/??????????/???????? ??????? ??? ?????? emperor ?????????? ???????? ??????. ????????-???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? basileus ???????.

?????????? [ ????????? ]

???????? ??? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????. ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? (913 ?) ??? ????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????.1422? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????????????. 1878? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????????????. 1908?1946 ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? "???" ?????? ????????????????.

????????? [ ????????? ]

1346?1371 ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????. ????? ?????? ??? king (kralj) ????????????? ???????????????????. ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???. ??????? ??? ??????? 1371 ? ??????????.

??????? [ ????????? ]

??????????? ??? ????? ???????????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ( 1547) ^[5] . ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????(1516,1525) ?,?????? ??????????( 1576-78) ,??????? ?????(1709) ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????????? ??????? , ??????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????,?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????. ^[6] ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? Great Emperour ???? ?????? ????????????????????. ^[7] ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? 1721 ? imperator ???? ??? tsar ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????????. ^[8]???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ( 1917?) . 1917 ???????? ????? ?????????????? Tsar ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????????.

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↑ "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar" . Archived from the original on 2020-09-08 . Retrieved 2006-07-27 .
↑ "The entry on tsar in the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)" . Archived from the original on 2017-02-02 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 .
↑ "Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, EB.com .
↑ [1]
↑ 28 March: This Date in History . Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2011-12-07
↑ This objection may be used against translating "Basileus" as "emperor", too. Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they only ally themselves with Vatican. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority does not require anyone's confirmation.
↑ The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years . 2nd ed. London, 1671. Pages 54?55.
↑ The first Russian monarch to update his title to "imperator" was False Demetrius I , following his coronation on 7 July 1605. Peter started to use the title informally in 1696. He prepared the official adoption of the new title by renaming the Boyar Duma to Senate (as False Demetrius did before), with its ancient Roman associations, and by introducing the posts of State Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor, which were modeled on similar magistratures of the Holy Roman Empire. For Russian traditionalists, these moves signified Peter's conversion to pagan and Roman Catholic traditions, an opinion reinforced by his adoption of the heathen Roman titles of "Pater Patriae" (Отец Отечества) and "Magnus" (Великий) the same year

[BEC-1] "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar" . Archived from the original on 2020-09-08 . Retrieved 2006-07-27 .

[2] "The entry on tsar in the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)" . Archived from the original on 2017-02-02 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 .

[3] "Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, EB.com .

[4] [1]

[5] 28 March: This Date in History . Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2011-12-07

[6] This objection may be used against translating "Basileus" as "emperor", too. Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they only ally themselves with Vatican. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority does not require anyone's confirmation.

[7] The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years . 2nd ed. London, 1671. Pages 54?55.

[8] The first Russian monarch to update his title to "imperator" was False Demetrius I , following his coronation on 7 July 1605. Peter started to use the title informally in 1696. He prepared the official adoption of the new title by renaming the Boyar Duma to Senate (as False Demetrius did before), with its ancient Roman associations, and by introducing the posts of State Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor, which were modeled on similar magistratures of the Holy Roman Empire. For Russian traditionalists, these moves signified Peter's conversion to pagan and Roman Catholic traditions, an opinion reinforced by his adoption of the heathen Roman titles of "Pater Patriae" (Отец Отечества) and "Magnus" (Великий) the same year

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