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Դիմանկար
????? ? ?????????? 16 , 1886 ( 1886-10-16 ) [1] [2] [3] […]
????????? ?????? , ???????? ?????????????? , ???????? [4]
??????? ? ?????????? 1 , 1973 ( 1973-12-01 ) [2] [3] [5] […] (87 ???????)
?????? ???? ????? ??? , ??? ????? ???? , ??????? [6] ??? ????? , ??? ???? , ??????? [7]
???????? Midreshet Ben-Gurion
???????????????   ???????? ???????????? ,   ???????? ???????????? ,   ?????????? ???????? ?   ??????? [8]
???? ?????????????????
?????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? , ????????? ?????????? [9] ? ????????? ??????????
????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????
??????????????? ????????? ?????? , ?????????????? ?????? ? ???????
??????? ?????? ??? ???????
??????? ????? Avigdor Ben Gurion ?
????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? , ???????? ???????? , ???????? ????????????? ??????? , ???????? ????????????? ??????? , ??????? ?????????? , ????????? ????????? , ???????? ????????? ??????? , ???????? ??????????????? ?????????????? , ???????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ??????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? , ??????? ?????????? ? President of the Provisional State Council ?
?????????????? ????? , ???? ? ??????? ????
???????? ?
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Изображение автографа
 David Ben-Gurion ?????????????

????? ??? ??????? ( ????????? ? ?????? ????-??????????? ?, ???? ? ????????? [da?v?d ben gur?jo:n] ( ????) , ???????? ?????? ?????? , ?????????? 16 , 1886 ( 1886-10-16 ) [1] [2] [3] […] , ?????? , ???????? ?????????????? , ???????? [4] - ?????????? 1 , 1973 ( 1973-12-01 ) [2] [3] [5] […] , ????? ??? , ??? ????? ???? , ??????? [6] ? ????? , ??? ???? , ??????? [7] ), ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????????

??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??, 1946 ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? [10] ? 1935 ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????, ?????????? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????????, ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? 1948 ??????? ?????? 14-?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ???????? 1948-1949 ?????????? ?????-??????????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? (?????) ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ≪ ???????? ????????-???? ≫ [11] ?

?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????????, ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????, ? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? [12] ?

1954 ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 1955 ????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????? ????, ?? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???, 1955 ??????? ??????????????? ???????????, ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????? ? 1956 ????????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? )?

?? ???????? ??????? 1963 ???????? ? ?????? ????? 1970 ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? 20-?? ???? 100 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????

?????? ????? 1918 ??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????, ????? ???? ? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ?, ??????, ????????? ?????? ????????.
???? ??????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?
?????? ? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????? 1-??, 1918 ?.

???????? ???????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ????????? (??????? ??????????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???)? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ?? ? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ?? 11 ??????? ??? 2003 ????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???????, ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ???????, ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? [13] ? 14 ??????????, ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? Ezra ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????

?????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???, 1929

1905 ????????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ?? ??????????? ? ??????-???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? 1905 ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????? ??

??? ???????? ?? ?????????????????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ?? ??????... ??????????????, ???? ? ????, ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????... ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ? ?????... ???????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ??????????????, ?????????????? ????????? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???, ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???, ???????? ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??????, ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???, ???? ????????????? ??? [14] ?

???????? ????????? ???????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1906 ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??, ?? ???? ????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??????????? 55.000 ??, ??????? 40.000-? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????

??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????????????, 1907 ???????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? 1909 ?????? 12-?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ????????, ?? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????????? [15] ?

1909 ???????? ?? ???????????? ? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? 1911 ??????? ????????? 7-?? ??? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? , ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ≪??????? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ?????????≫? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ≪???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????≫, ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???, ?????????? ????????????, ????????????? ? ?????????? [16] ?

1912 ???????? ?? ????? ? ??????????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????

?????? ????????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? 40 ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?? 1915 ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ????????????? ???????? 35 ???????? ???????? ?????? 10000-???? ??????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? [17] ?

1915 ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ` ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? 1917 ???????? ????? ???????????

1917 ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????, ? 1918 ???????? ??? ????????, ????????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ??????? ?? 38-?? ????????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????

??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????

????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, 1918

??????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ? ???? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ????????????, ???? ???? [18] ?

1919-1946 ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????????? 1919 ?????????, ??? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????

1919 ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????, ??? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ????????? 1920 ????????, ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ? 1921-1935 ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? 1924 ????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??, ?? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????? [19] ?

????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ? 1935 ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? 1948 ?????????

1936?1939 ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ? ????????, ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????????????? ???? 1937 ????????, ??? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????????????? [20] ?

??????????? ?? ?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??????????????? ?? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ?????? , ?? ? ????? ???????? ≪??? ???????? ????????? ?????≫ ?????? ???????????? ?, ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ??? ????????? ≪?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????≫, ???? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????? ≪??????? ??≫? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ???? ???????, ??????, ?????????? ???????????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ≪???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??≫, ? ??????? ???????????? ???-? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? [21] ?

???????? ???????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

??? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ????????? 1931-?? ??????????? ≪???? ? ??? ??????????≫ ? 1967-?? ???????????? ≪?? ????????????? ???? ???????????? ???≫? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ???? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ≪???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????, ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????, ? ?????? ?????? ??????≫ [22] ? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ? 1947 ??????? ?????????? 2-?? ???-? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????????

????????? ??? ???????, ?????, ?????? ???, ?????? ????????? ?????

?? ??? ????????? ?; ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????????, ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????????????? ????, ??? ?????, ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?????????????, ???? ???? ? ??????? ????????????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????????, ????-??????? ????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??, ???????? ??? ??? ?????????, ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????????, ????????? ? ??????????? [23] ?

????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ≪??? ???????? ??? ????? ?, ?? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?, ???????? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????≫ [24] ? ??? ???????? 1938 ??????? ????????? ≪?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????????? ???????????, ??? ???????????, ??? ????, ? ??? ??? ????????????? ???…≫ [25] :

1909 ????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ???? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ?? ?????????? [26] ?

???????????? ???????? ????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1939 ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ???????????? 15, 000 ??? ??????, ? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ????????, ????????????? ≪ ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ?????≫ [27] ? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ≪??????? ??????≫ ?????? ????????, ? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? [28] ?

??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ≪??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????????≫ [29] ? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? 10%-? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???, ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????????????, ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ?????????????????, ??? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????????? ??? ?????

1946 ????????, ??? ???????? ???????????? ?, ?? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???, ????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? 1946-?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????? ???????????? (??? ??????????)? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??, ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? [30] ?

??????????? ???????? ?????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ? ??????????? 100, 000-???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????? ???-???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????????????, ?? 1948 ??????? ?????? 15-?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? 14-?? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?

????????????? ???????? ??? ????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1948 ??????? ?????-??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ??, ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????????? [31] ? ?????????? 24-??, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? (23 ????????? ?????? ?? ???????)? ?????????? 26-?? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????????????????????? ? ?????? ????????? [32] [33] [34] [35] ? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? 5 ???? ????, 7 ??? ????????????????? [35] ? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? bechiya ledorot (≪??????????? ???? ???????≫), ?????????, ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? [36] [37] [38] ?

??? ?????????????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ???-??????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ????????, ??? ?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?, ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????, ?? ????????????? ?????????????? ??? [39] [40] [41] [42] :

????? ????? ????????? 1948 ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????, ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ???-? ??? ??? ?????????????????? ? ????????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ???????? ???????????? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??? [43] [44] [45] :

??? ???? ??????, "??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????, ????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ?? ???????, ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????" [46] :

???????? ?????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??? ???????? ???????? ? 101-?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????:

1948 ??????? ?????-??????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? (IDF)? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ??????????, ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????????, ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????` ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????-? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????

1935 ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????` ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??, ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?????-?????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????? 1980-???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? [47] ?

???????? ??????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? 1948-? ?????-??????????? ????????? ???????:
????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???:

1948 ??????? ?????? 14-??, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????, ?? ??????????? ??, ?? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ???????????????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????

?? ???????????? ????????, 1948-? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?? ≪????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??, ????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????≫ [48] ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ? ??, ????????????, ≪ ??????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ??????????? ???≫ [48] ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???, ?????????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ?????????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? [49] ? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ? 1948 ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ? ????, ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? [50] ?

1948 ??????? ?????-?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??? ????????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????? 1949 ??????? ???????? 14-?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? 1963 ???????, ???????????? 1954 ? 1955 ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ????????????????? ????????? ? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? [51] ? ?? ??????? ??, ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??????????????? ?, ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????, ? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??? ????? ????????? [51] ?

??? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? 1953-??, ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????, ??? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ≪?????????????? ???? ? ??????, ?? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????≫? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ? ?????? ???????????????? ?????????????? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???????? [52] ? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?

??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? (??????????)???? ????????: ???? ???-??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????:

1953 ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????, ?? 1954-? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? 1955 ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??, ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????, ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????????

1955 ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? 1956 ??????? ????????, ???-? ? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???, ? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? 1956 ??????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ??????????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????, ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????, ? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? [53] [54] [55] [56] :

???????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ????????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???-? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???-? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????, ? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????

??? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ????????? , 1957

1959 ????????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ?, ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ???????????? ?????? 1960 ????????, ?????????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????, ? 1962-?? ????????? ????????????

??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? [57] ?

??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? 1963 ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????, ??? 1954-?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??, ??????? ?????????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ? 1965-? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????

?????? ????????? ???????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

1967 ??????? ???????, ???-? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????, ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? 5-? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????????? ???????????, ???? ? ????? ????????????? [58] ? ?????? 23-??, ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???, ??? ????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????, ?????????????? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????, ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ???

???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? 4?5 ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????????, ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? 5-?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ???, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? [59] ?

??????? 11-?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????????????, ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ? ??? ???, ???? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ? ???????? ? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ???, ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? [60] ?

??????? ?????????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????, ?? ?????? ??, ?? ????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? [60] ? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????

1968 ????????, ???? ? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ??, ??? ???????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???????????????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????????????, ??? 1969 ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ????????

?????? ??????? ? ??? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

?????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ???????

??? ???????? ????????????????? ????? 1970 ???????? ? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? 11-?? ?????? ???? 1971 ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????

1973 ??????? ????????? 23-?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????????, ???????? ????? ????? ? ????????? 23-?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????, ? ?????????? 1-??, 87 ??????????, ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ???????????, ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???????? [61] ? ??? ??????? ????????? ??, ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????

?????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  • 1949 ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????? [62] ?
  • 1951 ? 1971 ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? [63] ?

?????????????????? [ ???????? | ???????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 ??"? ??? ??-?????? (????) ? Knesset .
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Bibliotheque nationale de France data.bnf.fr   (??.) : ????????? ??? ???????? ? 2011.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Discogs ? 2000.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Бен-Гурион Давид // Большая советская энциклопедия   (????.) : [в 30 т.] / под ред. А. М. Прохоров ? 3-е изд. ? М. : Советская энциклопедия , 1969.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 ?????????? ????????????   (????.)
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????   (????.)
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????
  8. ↑ LIBRIS ? 2018.
  9. ↑ https://sztetl.org.pl/pl/dziedzictwo/rewolucje-i-utopie/dawid-ben-gurion
  10. ↑ Brenner, Michael; Frisch, Shelley (April 2003).
  11. ↑ BBC ON THIS DAY | 1 | 1973: Israel's founding father dies ? BBC
  12. ↑ George Lavy, Germany and Israel: moral debt and national interest (1996) p. 45
  13. ↑ ≪Ben-Gurion may have been a twin≫ . Haaretz.
  14. ↑ Memoirs : David Ben-Gurion (1970), p. 36.
  15. ↑ Teveth, Shabtai (1985) Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs. From Peace to War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503562-3 . Ezra ? pp. 3, 4; Paolei Zion ? p. 6; central committee ? p. 9; populations-pp. 10, 21; Galilee pp. 12, 14?15.
  16. ↑ Oswego.edu ?????????? 2011-05-30 Wayback Machine , Gila Hadar, "Space and Time in Salonika on the Eve of World War II and the Expulsion and Extermination of Salonika Jewry", Yalkut Moseshet 4, Winter 2006
  17. ↑ Teveth, Shabtai (1985) Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs. From Peace to War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503562-3 . pp. 25, 26.
  18. ↑ Beckerman, Gal (2006 ?? ?????? 29). ≪The apples sometimes fall far from the tree≫ . The Jerusalem Post .
  19. ↑ Teveth, Shabtai (1985) Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs. From Peace to War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503562-3 . pp. 66?70
  20. ↑ Morris, Benny (2002 ?? ?????????? 3). ≪Two years of the intifada ? A new exodus for the Middle East?≫ . The Guardian . ??????? ? 2010 ?? ???????? 30-?? .
  21. ↑ ≪Secrets of Ben-Gurion's Leadership≫ . Forward.com . ??????? ? 2015 ?? ?????? 17-?? .
  22. ↑ Efraim Karsh, "Fabricating Israeli history: the 'new historians'", Edition 2, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7146-5011-1 , p. 213.
  23. ↑ David Ben-Gurion, statement to the Assembly of Palestine Jewry, 2 October 1947
  24. ↑ Nahum Goldmann, The Jewish Paradox A Personal Memoir, translated by Steve Cox, 1978, ISBN 0-448-15166-9 , pp. 98, 99, 100
  25. ↑ Simha Flapan, Zionism and the Palestinians , 1979, ISBN 0-85664-499-4 , pp. 142?144
  26. ↑ Teveth, Shabtai (1985) Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs. From Peace to War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503562-3 . p. 118.
  27. ↑ Shabtai Teveth , 1985, Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs , p. 199
  28. ↑ S. Teveth, 1985, Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs , p. 200
  29. ↑ ≪Ben-Gurion's road to the State≫ (?????????). Ben-Gurion Archives. ?????????? ? ?????????? 2006 ?? ???????? 15-??.
  30. ↑ Paul Johnson , A History of the Jews , p. 523.
  31. ↑ Benny Morris (2008), pp. 315-316.
  32. ↑ Benny Morris (2008), pp. 317.
  33. ↑ Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism , Indiana University Press, 1998, p.185 writes: "Ben-Gurion describes to the Minister his plans to conquer the entire West Bank, involving warfare against entire Jordan's Arab Legion, but to his surprise the Ministers rejected his proposal."
  34. ↑ ≪Ben Gurion proposal to conquer Latrun, the cabinet meeting, 26 sept 1948 (hebrew)≫ . Israel state archive blog: . http://israelidocuments.blogspot.co.il/2015/02/1948.html (Hebrew). {{ cite web }} : External link in |publisher= ( ?????????? ) CS1 ????? ???????? ????????????? ( link )
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Benny Morris (2008), p. 318.
  36. ↑ Mordechai Bar-On, Never-Ending Conflict: Israeli Military History , Stackpole Books, 2006, p.60 writes : " Originally, this was an idiom that Ben-Gurion used after the government rejected his demand to attack the Legion and occupy Samaria in the wake of a Mujuhidin's attack near Latrun in September 1948.
  37. ↑ Yoav Gelber, Israeli-Jordanian Dialogue, 1948-1953 , Sussex Academic Press, 2004, p.2.
  38. ↑ Benny Morris (2008), pp. 315.
  39. ↑ Zaki Shalom (2002). David Ben-Gurion, the State of Israel and the Arab World, 1949-1956 . Sussex Academic Press. ?? 155. ISBN   978-1-902210-21-6 . ≪A great satisfaction with the armistice borders…(Concerning the) area intended to pass into Israeli…(Ben Gurions') statements reveal the ambiguity over this subject≫ (???????? ?????)
  40. ↑ Zaki Shalom (2002). David Ben-Gurion, the State of Israel and the Arab World, 1949-1956 . Sussex Academic Press. ?? 160. ISBN   978-1-902210-21-6 . ≪If BG had been fully convinced that the IDF should have fought more aggressively for Jerusalem and the surrounding area, then Sharet's opposition would not have stood in the way of government consent≫ (???????? ?????)
  41. ↑ David Tal (2004 ?? ??????? 24). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy . Routledge. ???? 406?407. ISBN   978-1-135-77513-1 . ≪Nothing of this sort appears in the diary he kept at the time or in the minutes of the Cabinet meeting from which he is ostensibly quoting... Ben Gurion once more raised the idea of conquering Latrun in the cabinet. Ben Gurion was in fact reacting to what he had been told by a delegation from Jerusalem... The "everlasting shame" view is unsubstantiated in both Ben Gurion's diary and in the Cabinet protocol.≫
  42. ↑ Uri Bar-Joseph (2013 ?? ?????????? 19). The Best of Enemies: Israel and Transjordan in the War of 1948 . Routledge. ?? 115. ISBN   978-1-135-17010-3 . ≪the plan place by BG before the government call not for an all-out offensive, but rather for a limited action aimed at the conquest of Latrun…more than 13 years later ..(he) claim that his proposal had been far more comprehensive≫
  43. ↑ Anita Shapira (2014 ?? ????????? 25). Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel . Yale University Press. ???? 173?. ISBN   978-0-300-18273-6 . ≪ "(Ben Gurion) He also did not flinch from provoking the United Nations by breaking the truce agreement. But the limit of his fearlessness was a clash with a Western power. Vainly, the right and Mapam accused him of defeatism. He did not flinch from confronting them but chose to maintain good relations with the United States, which he perceived as a potential ally of the new state, and also not to provoke the British lion, even though its fangs had been drawn. At the end of the war, when Yigal Allon, who represented the younger generation of commanders that had grown up in the war, demanded the conquest of the West Bank up to the Jordan River as the natural, defensible border of the state, Ben-Gurion refused. He recognized that the IDF was militarily strong enough to carry out the conquest, but he believed that the young state should not bite off more than it had already chewed. There was a limit to what the world was prepared to accept. Furthermore, the armistice borders-which later became known as the Green Line-were better than those he had dreamed of at the beginning of the war. In Ben-Gurion's opinion, in terms of territory Israel was satisfied. It was time to send the troops home and start work on building the new nation.≫
  44. ↑ Benny Morris (2009). One state, two states: resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict . Yale University Press. ?? 79. ≪in March 1949, just before the signing of the Israel-Jordan armistice agreement, when IDF general Yigal Allon proposed conquering the West Bank, Ben-Gurion turned him down flat. Like most Israelis, Ben-Gurion had given up the dream≫
  45. ↑ Zaki Shalom (2002). David Ben-Gurion, the State of Israel and the Arab World, 1949-1956 . Sussex Academic Press. ???? 174?. ISBN   978-1-902210-21-6 . ≪The clearest expression of this 'activist' approach is found in a "personal, top secret" letter sent by Yigal Allon to BG shortly after ... We cannot imagine a border more stable than the Jordan River, which runs the entire length of the country ≫ (???????? ?????)
  46. ↑ Ari Shavit, Survival of the fittest : An Interview with Benny Morris , Ha'aretz Friday Magazine, January 9, 2004.
  47. ↑ See e.g. Benny Morris , the Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem and The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 Meron Benveni?ti, Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948 , p. 120
  49. ↑ Sir John Bagot Glubb , A Soldier with the Arabs , London 1957, p. 200
  50. ↑ Ari Shavit 'Survival of the fittest, ' Haaretz 8 January 2004:"The worst cases were Saliha (70-80 killed), Deir Yassin (100-110), Lod (250), Dawayima (hundreds) and perhaps Abu Shusha (70). There is no unequivocal proof of a large-scale massacre at Tantura , but war crimes were perpetrated there. At Jaffa there was a massacre about which nothing had been known until now. The same at Arab al Muwassi, in the north. About half of the acts of massacre were part of Operation Hiram [in the north, in October 1948]: at Safsaf , Saliha, Jish , Eilaboun , Arab al Muwasi, Deir al Asad , Majdal Krum , Sasa . In Operation Hiram there was a unusually high concentration of executions of people against a wall or next to a well in an orderly fashion.That can't be chance. It's a pattern. Apparently, various officers who took part in the operation understood that the expulsion order they received permitted them to do these deeds in order to encourage the population to take to the roads. The fact is that no one was punished for these acts of murder. Ben-Gurion silenced the matter. He covered up for the officers who did the massacres ."
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 David Ben-Gurion (1955 ?? ???????? 17). ≪Importance of the Negev≫ (?????????). ?????????? ? ?????????? 2007 ?? ???????? 23-??.
  52. ↑ ≪Unit 101 (Israel) | Specwar.info ||≫ . En.specwar.info . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????????? 9-?? .
  53. ↑ Moshe Shemesh; Selwyn Illan Troen (2005 ?? ?????????? 5). The Suez-Sinai Crisis: A Retrospective and Reappraisal . Routledge. ?? 5. ISBN   978-1-135-77863-7 . ≪The aims were to be threefold: to remove the threat, wholly or partially, of the Egyptian rmy in the Sinai, to destroy the framework of the fedaiyyun, and to secure the freedom of navigation through the straits of Tiran.≫
  54. ↑ Isaac Alteras (1993). Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953-1960 . University Press of Florida. ???? 192?. ISBN   978-0-8130-1205-6 . ≪the removal of the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran at the entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba. The blockade closed Israel's sea lane to East Africa and the Far East, hindering the development of Israel's southern port of Eilat and its hinterland, the Nege. Another important objective of the Israeli war plan was the elimination of the terrorist bases in the Gaza Strip, from which daily fedayeen incursions into Israel made life unbearable for its southern population. And last but not least, the concentration of the Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula, armed with the newly acquired weapons from the Soviet bloc, prepared for an attack on Israel. Here, Ben-Gurion believed, was a time bomb that had to be defused before it was too late. Reaching the Suez Canal did not figure at all in Israel's war objectives. ≫
  55. ↑ Dominic Joseph Caraccilo (2011 ?? ???????). Beyond Guns and Steel: A War Termination Strategy . ABC-CLIO. ???? 113?. ISBN   978-0-313-39149-1 . ≪The escalation continued with the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran, and Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956. On October 14, Nasser made clear his intent:"I am not solely fighting against Israel itself. My task is to deliver the Arab world from destruction through Israel's intrigue, which has its roots abroad. Our hatred is very strong. There is no sense in talking about peace with Israel. There is not even the smallest place for negotiations." Less than two weeks later, on October 25, Egypt signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan placing Nasser in command of all three armies. The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, combined with the increased fedayeen attacks and the bellicosity of recent Arab statements, prompted Israel, with the backing of Britain and France, to attack Egypt on October 29, 1956.≫
  56. ↑ ≪The Jewish Virtual Library, The Sinai-Suez Campaign: Background & Overview≫ . ≪In 1955, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser began to import arms from the Soviet Bloc to build his arsenal for the confrontation with Israel. In the short-term, however, he employed a new tactic to prosecute Egypt's war with Israel. He announced it on August 31, 1955: Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine....There will be no peace on Israel's border because we demand vengeance, and vengeance is Israel's death. These "heroes" were Arab terrorists, or fedayeen, trained and equipped by Egyptian Intelligence to engage in hostile action on the border and infiltrate Israel to commit acts of sabotage and murder.≫
  57. ↑ Zaki Shalom, Israel's Nuclear Option: Behind the Scenes Diplomacy Between Dimona and Washington , (Portland, Ore.: Sussex Academic Press, 2005), p. 44
  58. ↑ 7340, L-3407901, 00.html ≪The Six Day War ? May 1967, one moment before ? Israel News, Ynetnews≫ . Ynetnews.com. 1995 ?? ??????? 20 . ??????? ? 2012 ?? ?????????? 9-?? . {{ cite web }} : Check |url= value ( ?????????? )
  59. ↑ Randolph Churchill, Winston Churchill, The Six Day War , 1967 p. 199 citing The World at One , BBC radio, 12 July 1967
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 Shalom, Zaki: Ben-Gurion's political struggles, 1963?1967
  61. ↑ The Evening Independent (1 December 1973 issue)
  62. ↑ " Ben Gurion Receives Bublick Award; Gives It to University As Prize for Essay on Plato " (August 10, 1949). Jewish Telegraphic Agency. www.jta.org. Retrieved 2016-07-01.
  63. ↑ ≪List of Bialik Prize recipients 1933?2004≫ (PDF) (Hebrew). Tel Aviv Municipality website. ?????????? ? ?????????? (PDF) 2007 ?? ?????????? 17-??. {{ cite web }} : CS1 ????? ????????? ????? ( link )
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