??? ??? ??-??'??

??? ??? ??-??'??
??? ??? ??????
????	30 ??????? 1941 ; ?????? , ????? ?????
????? ?????	25 ?????? 2010 (???? 68) ; ????? , ?????
???? ?????	??-???'?
?????	?????
?????	Ali le Chimique , le boucher du Kurdistan , Chemical Ali
????????	?????? ???????? ?? ?????
????? ???????	1959?2003 (??44 ????)
????	????
?????? ???????
	????? ?????-????? ; ????? ????? ; ????? ????? ; ?????? ??????-?????? ;

??? ??? ??-??'?? (? ????? : ??? ??? ??????; 1941 ? 25 ?????? 2010 ) ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? . ????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???' , ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? .

?- 23 ????? 2007 ????? ??? ??? ??-??'??, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????' ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?-80 . ?-25 ?????? 2010 ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????.

??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? (??????: ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????????????).

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ??-??'?? ???? ? ????? , ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??-???'??, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? . ????? ????? ????', ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????' (??????) ?-1968. ^[1]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?????? ????????-????? ???? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?-70 ????????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? , ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????. ????? 1979 ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??-??? , ??? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?"??????" ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??-??'?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????. ^[1]

??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ????'????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?- 1983 ??? ????? ?????? ???'???, ???? ??-??'?? ?? ????? ????????? . ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ^[2]

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? 1987 ?? ????? 1989 , ????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ??-??'?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????' ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???? ??-??'?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????-??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??-????? , ??-??'?? ???? ?????? 1987 ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???? , ????? , ????? ?- VX ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????. ^[2] ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ????'? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?-5,000 ??????. ?? ????? ??? "???" ??-??'?? ???????? "??? ???????" ?"????? ?? ???????? ".

???????? ??????? ?? ????, ???? ???? ??-??'?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? , ?????? ????????, ????? ?????, ??????? ??????? (????? "??????"), ????? ????? ? ????? ????? , ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ?-180,000 ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ^[2] (?-30 ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???). ??? ???? ????? 1987 ??? ???? ?? "????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???". ^[3]

????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ?????? ???????, ??-??'?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?"?????" ????? ??-?????.

??-??'?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ????? . ????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?'???' ??? ?-1991 ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ^[4] ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ?? ???, ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??-??'?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?-2003 ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?-100,000. ^[5] ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? , ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?- 1995 ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??-??'?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? . ?????? 1998 ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????, ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? "???? ???? ?????", ????? ?- 1999 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? . ^[6]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? 2003, ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?? ??-??'?? ? ???? ????? ????? . ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??-??'?? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ?- 21 ??????? 2003 ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??-??'?? ???? ??. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? (???? ??????, ???? ??????? ?????).

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ??-??'?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??-??'?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? . ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??-??'?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[7] ??-??'?? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? (?????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???????) ? ???? ????? (????? ?? ????? ??????) ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??-??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?-????, ?????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??-???, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? 2007 ??? ???? ???? ???-??'??, ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?-1991. ^[8] ?????? ?? ??-??'?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?- 29 ??????? 2008 ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ^[9]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??-??'?? ? ??????????

??? ??? ??-??'?? , ???? " Find a Grave " (???????)
??? ??? ??-??'?? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?????? :
	????? ????? ??????

^ ¹ ² ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????????? : (?????? ???? ????, 23 ????? 2018) Chemical Ali: The end of an overlord ??- 25 ????? 2007.
^ ¹ ² ³ ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??- 7 ?????? 2007. (???????)
^ ??? ?????? ?? ?-BBC ??- 24 ????? 2007.
^ ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???:

???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????: ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???"? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

? ???? ??? ?- 15 ??????? 1991.
^ Uncovering Iraq's Horrors in Desert Graves ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ??- 5 ????? 2006 .
^ ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???-?????? Human Rights Watch ?-2005: Ali Hassan al-Majid and the Basra Massacre of 1999 .
^ Chemical Ali in His Own Words (Human Rights Watch, April 7, 2003) , www.hrw.org
^ Glanz, James (2007-08-22). " 'Chemical Ali' and Others Begin Trial for 1991 Attack (Published 2007)" . The New York Times (??????? ????????) . ???? ?- 2020-12-12 .
^ ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? : Iraq Approves Execution of ‘Chemical Ali’ ??- 1 ???? 2008.

[independent-1] ¹ ² ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ????????? : (?????? ???? ????, 23 ????? 2018) Chemical Ali: The end of an overlord ??- 25 ????? 2007.

[telegraph-2] ¹ ² ³ ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??- 7 ?????? 2007. (???????)

[3] ??? ?????? ?? ?-BBC ??- 24 ????? 2007.

[4] ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???:

???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????: ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???"? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.

? ???? ??? ?- 15 ??????? 1991.

[5] Uncovering Iraq's Horrors in Desert Graves ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ??- 5 ????? 2006 .

[6] ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???-?????? Human Rights Watch ?-2005: Ali Hassan al-Majid and the Basra Massacre of 1999 .

[7] Chemical Ali in His Own Words (Human Rights Watch, April 7, 2003) , www.hrw.org

[8] Glanz, James (2007-08-22). " 'Chemical Ali' and Others Begin Trial for 1991 Attack (Published 2007)" . The New York Times (??????? ????????) . ???? ?- 2020-12-12 .

[9] ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? : Iraq Approves Execution of ‘Chemical Ali’ ??- 1 ???? 2008.

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