?????? ?????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????
?????? (????) ?????
???? 29 ?????? 1927
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????? 16 ?????? 2017 (???? 89)
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????? ????? ישראל ?????
???? ????? ????? ?????

?????? (????) ????? ( 29 ?????? 1927 ? 17 ?????? 2017 ) ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? [1] ???? ?? ????????. ????? ???? "???? ????" ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??.

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? 1927 ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????, ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

? ???? 1941 , ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? , ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ?????, ????, ???? ???? ?????.

??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? . ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ?????? ? ?????? 1941, ????? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????. ??? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? [2] . ??? ????? ?????????, ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? [3] [4] [5] . ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ? ???'???? . ????? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ????? [6] ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ? ??? 1942 [7] ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? [8] [9] [10] [11]

??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? [12] . ????, ??? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ????? ????????? [13] ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????? [14] [15] .

???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?- 1944 ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????. ????? ??, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????.

??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????????? [16] ????? ?? ???? ?????????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ?????? - ?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ?????????

???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????, ?-14 ??????? 1946, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?-5 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?"???? ?????" ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? [17] . ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?? 5 ???? ????? ????.

??? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? [18] . ?????, ?????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????.

??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? [19] ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???. ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. ???????, ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????.

???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? [20] ???????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????, ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? , ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? [21] . ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????.

????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ???? ??????? [22] , ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? [23] [24] . ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????, ?????? ???????.

??? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.

?- 1955 ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???"? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? , ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.

????? ? ????? , ??? ???? ?????? ??????? [25] , ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? 1956 ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? , ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??.?.?. ?????? ????? ?????? ????.

?- 1957 ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? . ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? [26] .

????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ?.?.?. ??? ??? ????? ??.?.?. ??? ?????. ??? ??, ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????.

????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ?? ????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???. ????? ???????,

???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.

??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????. ??????, ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ???????? ??? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????.

????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ?? ???. ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????'?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????'?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??.?.? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????'??. ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????'?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???"? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??"? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ?????????? . ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

???? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????'??, ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????.

????? ????? ?-20 ????, ?? ??? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? 6?8 ???? ??????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????'??, ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? 70 ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? . ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, 5 ???? ????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????? 6 ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? , ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????. ?? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? 3 ???? ????. ???? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ????? 6 ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? [27] .

????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????? ?????". ?????? ??? " ????????????? ", ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? 3?8 ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ????? . ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? . ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ? ??? ???????? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? [28] . ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?"?????? ???????". ??????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?"????? ????? ??" ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??. ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? 1964 , ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? . ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? "??? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????! ??? ?????? ? ??????? !" ?????? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ??? "??? ?????" ????... ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? . ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????.

????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??.?.?. ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????, ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ???????, ????? ???????, ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???.

????????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????? , ? ??????? , ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????.

????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? 4 ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ? ??? ????? , ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ( ??? ??? ??????? ) ??? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? [29] . ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ??.?.?. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??.?.?. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?-13 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?-7, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? [30] . ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ?????? [31] .

??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??.?.?. ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ???? ????? ????. ????? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? "???" ??????.

???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? , ????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???.

???, ??? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??.

???? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ?.?.? , ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.

???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??.?.? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?.?.? ?? ????.

??? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? 5 ????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ???? 5 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??.?.?. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ???, ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????. ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??.

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??, ? ????? (????? ????? ?????) ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? "????? ?????? ?????" ?????? "???? ?????? ? ????? ???, ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????". ????? ????? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????.

?????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?? 12 ??? ????. ??? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? . ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??.?.? ???? ??, ??? ?? ????. ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????.

?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?.?.? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??-?????? ???? ???? ???? 1969 ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, 1970.
?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????, 2012.

?- 1 ???? 1969 ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? . ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? , ? ??"? ????? ??????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?'?????? ????? ????.

???? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ???. 2 ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???, ???? , ????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? . ??? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.

???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? " ??? ?? ??? ".

?????, ????? ?????, ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????. ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? - ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????????.

????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? , ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????????. ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.

????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? 1975 ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? "???? ???? ?????".???? ??, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? "????" ???? 1977 ??? "????? ????? ?????? ?????? - ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????". ???? ????, ???? 2017 ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???-???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? .

???? 1989 ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????.

???? 2004 ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? 26 ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? " ???? ???? " "??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????".

????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? 2012 [32] [33] .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1969 , ???? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? 1972 ??? ????? ?? ??' ???? ?'????????, ??? ?? ??? ?'???????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'???????? , ??????????, ????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (1996 - 2006). ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.

????? ???? ?-16 ?????? 2017 ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • ???? ???? ????? [?? ???? ???, ??? 2] (??????) , ?????? ??????, 1977. ??' 84?250.
  • ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? ????, 1977.
  • ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? , ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???? ???, 2019.
  • ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? (??????) , ????? ??? ???, 2019.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Epstein, Barbara (2006). Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941?1944: The Case of Belorussia in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20 . .
  • Epstein, Barbara (2008). The Minsk Ghetto 1941?1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism . ISBN   9780520242425 . .
  • Smilovitskii, Leonid (2008). The Minsk Ghetto 1941?1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism . New York: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-24242-5 . .
  • Rapoport, Yakov (1991). The Doctors' Plot of 1953: A Survivor's Memoir of Stalin's Last Act of Terror Against Jews and Science . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN   9780674214774 . .
  • Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isaevich (1962). One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich . Soviet Union: Signet Classic Press. ISBN   0374529523 . .
  • Arkady Vaksberg (1994). Stalin Against The Jews , tr. Antonina Bouis . ISBN  0-679-42207-2
  • Louis Rapoport (1990). Stalin's War Against the Jews . ISBN  0-02-925821-9

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

ויקישיתוף ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Anatoly Rubin as one of Prisoners of Zion
  2. ^ [1] Anatoly Rubin's story is written in Barbara Epstein's book "The Minsk Ghetto 1941?1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism"
  3. ^ Bankier, David; Gutman, Israel ( 23 ???? 2018 ). "Nazi Europe and the Final Solution" . Berghahn Books – via Google Books. {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  4. ^ Dean, Martin ( 23 ???? 2003 ). "Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941?44" . Palgrave Macmillan – via Google Books. {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  5. ^ Smilovitskii, Leonid: Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941?1944: The Case of Belorussia in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20, 2006
  6. ^ [2] Labor forced work in the Minsk ghetto (?????? ???? ????, 27.11.2019)
  7. ^ ????? (2019), ??' 35-33
  8. ^ ???? ???? , ????? ??????: ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? , ???? ???? , 27 ?????? 2017
  9. ^ "Wayback Machine" . 3 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  10. ^ Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata ( 1 ????? 2013 ). "Bringing the Dark Past to Light: The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe" . U of Nebraska Press – via Google Books. {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  11. ^ "Jewish armed resistance in ghettos and camps, 1941?1944" . www.ushmm.org .
  12. ^ [3] ?????? ????? ????? ???? Nazi Europe and the Final Solution
  13. ^ " https://www.ushmm.org/learn/introduction-to-the-holocaust "Jewish Partisans
  14. ^ Anatoly facing the Anti-Semitism in the Partisan Movement of Belorussia, 1941-1944
  15. ^ ????? (2019), ??' 50-42
  16. ^ Redlich, Shimon; Anderson, Kirill Mikha?lovich; Al?tman, I. ( 23 ???? 1995 ). "War, Holocaust and Stalinism: A Documented Study of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in the USSR" . Psychology Press – via Google Books. {{ cite web }} : ( ???? )
  17. ^ ????? (2019), ??' 64-62
  18. ^ ????? (2019), ??' 69-65
  19. ^ "Карта посёлка Яя, Яйский район, ближайшие города" . tochka-na-karte.ru .
  20. ^ [4] ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????
  21. ^ Земсков В.Н. К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944?1951 годы // История СССР. 1990. № 4 (Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No.4
  22. ^ "Doctors' Plot ? Soviet history" .
  23. ^ ????? (2019), ??' 98-97
  24. ^ Rapoport (1991), pp. 119?120
  25. ^ "LATVIA" .
  26. ^ ?????? ????? ???? "????? ?????? ??????: ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????, 1947?1987", ?????? ??????
  27. ^ RUBIN ANATOLY PINKHUSOVICH in the list of VICTIMS OF POLITICAL TERROR IN THE USSR , as cited by the Memorial Society on the basis of the Memory Books issued or prepared for release in various regions of the former USSR, as well as a number of unpublished sources
  28. ^ ??? ??? ???? (2004), ??' 38-46
  29. ^ Anatoly Rubin in the book "the last exodus", by Leonard Schroeter
  30. ^ ????? (2019) ????? ???????????, ??' 204
  31. ^ ?????? ????? ???? "????? ??? ???" ??? ??? - ????? ????? ?-1917 ??? ?????, ??? ???
  32. ^ ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? "?? ???"
  33. ^ 2012 interview with Anatoly Rubin - torchlighters
????? ???? " https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=??????_?????&oldid=37982278 "