Leon Festinger

Biografia
Nacemento	8 de maio de 1919 Manhattan, Estados Unidos de America
Morte	11 de febreiro de 1989 (69 anos) Nova York, Estados Unidos de America
Causa da morte	cancro
Datos persoais
Pais de nacionalidade	Estados Unidos de America
Relixion	Ateismo
Educacion	Universidade de Iowa (pt) - Psicoloxia do desenvolvemento (?1942) Universidade de Iowa (pt) - Mestrado (?1940) City College de Nova York - psicoloxia (?1939) Boys High School
Director de tese	Kurt Lewin
Actividade
Campo de traballo	Psicoloxia social e dissonancia cognitiva (pt)
Ocupacion	psicologo , profesor universitario
Empregador	Universidade de Michigan Universidade de Minnesota (pt)
Membro de	Academia Naciona de Ciencias dos Estados Unidos Asociacion Americana para o Avance das Ciencias Academia das Artes e das Ciencias dos Estados Unidos
Interesado en	Psicoloxia social
Alumnos	Elliot Aronson (pt) , Philip Zimbardo (pt) e Stanley Schachter
Lingua	Lingua inglesa
Obra
Doutorando	Stanley Schachter , Elliot Aronson (pt) , Harold B. Gerard (en) , Bertram Raven (pt) e Judson Ridgway Mills (en)
Premios (1959)   APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (en)

Leon Festinger , nado en Nova York o 8 de maio de 1919 e finado na mesma cidade o 11 de febreiro de 1989 , foi un psicologo social estadounidense , conecido pola disonancia cognitiva e teoria da comparacion social .

Traxectoria [ editar | editar a fonte ]

Festinger naceu en Brooklyn en 1919 fos inmigrantes rusos xudeus Alex Festinger e Sara Solomon Festinger. Festinger asistiu a Boys’ High School de Brooklyn, e obtivo o grao BS en psicoloxia pola City College of New York en 1939. ^{[ 1 ]}

A continuacion estudou con Kurt Lewin na Universidade de Iowa , onde recibiu o seu MA en 1940 e o PhD en 1942 na area do comportamento infantil. ^{[ 2 ]} Segundo as suas propias palabras, non estaba interesado na psicoloxia social cando chegou a Iowa, e non se matriculou en curso ningun nesta materia durante o seu tempo alo; pola contra, interesabase nos primeiros traballos de Lewin sobre sistemas de tension, pero o centro de Lewin mudara a psicoloxia social cando Festinger chegou a Iowa. ^{[ 3 ]} Non obstante, Festinger continuou a seguir os seus intereses orixinais, estudando niveis de aspiracion, ^{[ 4 ]} traballando en estatistica , ^{[ 5 ] [ 6 ]} desenvolvendo un modelo cuantitativo da toma de decisions ^{[ 7 ]} e mesmo publicando un estudo sobre ratas de laboratorio. ^{[ 8 ]} Para explicar a sua falta de interese na psicoloxia social nese momento, afirmou: "a metodoloxia dos estudos de psicoloxia social, e a vaguidade da relacion dos datos cos conceptos e teorias de Lewin, parecianme pouco atractivas na mina xuvenil inclinacion ao rigor". ^{[ 9 ]}

Tras graduarse, Festinger traballou como investigador asociado en Iowa entre 1941 e 1943, e logo como estatistico para o comite de seleccion e adestramento de pilotos aereos na Universidade de Rochester entre 1943 e 1945 durante a segunda guerra mundial . en 1943, Festinger casou con Mary Oliver Ballou, pianista, ^{[ 10 ]} coa que tivo tres fillos, Catherine, Richard e Kurt. ^{[ 11 ]} Festinger e Ballou divorciaronse posteriormente e Festinger casou con Trudy Bradley, profesora de traballo social na Universidade de Nova York ^{[ 12 ]} en 1968. ^{[ 13 ]}

Festinger foi autor de A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance ^{[ 14 ]} ("Teoria da disonancia cognitiva", 1957), obra na que expon a sua teoria da disonancia cognitiva , que revolucionou o campo da psicoloxia social , e que tivo multiples aplicacions en areas tales como a motivacion , a dinamica de grupos , o estudo do cambio de actitudes e a toma de decisions. ^{[ 15 ]} Na sua teoria, sinala que na mente dos suxeitos se poden distinguir unha serie de conecementos ou elementos (cognicions) ≪... e dicir todo o que unha persoa sabe sobre si mesma, da sua conduta e das suas circunstancias≫ e que alguns destes conecementos poden ser contraditorios, non so dende o punto de vista loxico , senon tamen dende o psicoloxico , entre si, por exemplo, a idea de que o codigo da circulacion ha ser respectado pode estar en contradicion co conecemento de que neste momento estou a saltarme un semaforo vermello.

Esta contradicion e o que o autor denomina disonancia cognitiva. Cando hai disonancia cognitiva, o suxeito vese motivado a reducila.

Para iso ten que cambiar a sua conduta, se iso e posible, e se non o e, o cal ocorre en moitos casos (por exemplo ao avaliar un feito xa acontecido, pola incapacidade de actuar sobre o pasado), enton tratara de cambiar as suas cognicions ou a valoracion das mesmas.

Obra [ editar | editar a fonte ]

• Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62 (1), 35?40.
• Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission. Human Relations, 3 (3), 307?312.
• Brehm, J., & Festinger, L. (1957). Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. Human Relations, 10 (1), 85?91.
• Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50 , 595?621.
• Coren, S., & Festinger, L. (1967). Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect". Perception & Psychophysics, 2 (12), 621?626.
• Festinger, L. (1942a). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49 , 235?250.
• Festinger, L. (1942b). Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 37 , 184?200.
• Festinger, L. (1943a). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32 (3), 226?234.
• Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8 , 153?160.
• Festinger, L. (1943c). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8 , 205?210.
• Festinger, L. (1943d). Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32 (4), 291?306.
• Festinger, L. (1943e). Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32 (5), 411?423.
• Festinger, L. (1946). The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function. Psychometrika, 11 (2), 97?105.
• Festinger, L. (1947a). The role of group belongingness in a voting situation. Human Relations, 1 (2), 154?180.
• Festinger, L. (1947b). The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 44 (2), 149?161.
• Festinger, L. (1949). The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra. Human Relations, 2 (2), 153?158.
• Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57 (5), 271?282.
• Festinger, L. (1950b). Psychological Statistics. Psychometrika, 15 (2), 209?213.
• Festinger, L. (1951). Architecture and group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 7 (1?2), 152?163.
• Festinger, L. (1952). Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47 (2), 382?389.
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7 , 117?140.
• Festinger, L. (1955a). Handbook of social psychology, vol 1, Theory and method, vol 2, Special fields and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39 (5), 384?385.
• Festinger, L. (1955b). Social psychology and group processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 6 , 187?216.
• Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Festinger, L. (1959a). Sampling and related problems in research methodology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64 (2), 358?369.
• Festinger, L. (1959b). Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions. Acta Psychologica, 15 , 389?390.
• Festinger, L. (1961). The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. American Psychologist, 16 (1), 1?11.
• Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207 (4), 93?107.
• Festinger, L. (1964). Behavioral support for opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28 (3), 404?417.
• Festinger, L. (Ed.). (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. Nova York: Columbia University Press.
• Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research, 48 (2), 306?321.
• Festinger, L., & Canon, L. K. (1965). Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. Psychological Review, 72 (5), 373?384.
• Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58 (2), 203?210.
• Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread. Human Relations, 1 (4), 464?486.
• Festinger, L., Gerard, H., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., & Raven, B. (1952). The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates. Human Relations, 5 (4), 327?346.
• Festinger, L., & Holtzman, J. D. (1978). Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 4 (4), 573?585.
• Festinger, L., & Hutte, H. A. (1954). An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49 (4), 513?522.
• Festinger, L., & Katz, D. (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences. Nova York, NY: Dryden.
• Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68 (4), 359?366.
• Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails . Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
• Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Festinger, L., Sedgwick, H. A., & Holtzman, J. D. (1976). Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements. Vision Research, 16 (12), 1377?1386.
• Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46 (1), 92?99.
• Festinger, L., Torrey, J., & Willerman, B. (1954). Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group. Human Relations, 7 (2), 161?174.
• Hertzman, M., & Festinger, L. (1940). Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27 (4), 439?452.
• Hochberg, J., & Festinger, L. (1979). Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2 (1), 71?71.
• Hoffman, P. J., Festinger, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (1954). Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining. Human Relations, 7 (2), 141?159.
• Holtzman, J. D., Sedgwick, H. A., & Festinger, L. (1978). Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements. Vision Research, 18 (11), 1545?1555.
• Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. (1977). The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation. Vision Research, 17 (10), 1231?1232.
• Miller, J., & Festinger, L. (1977). Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 3 (2), 187?200.
• Schachter, S., Festinger, L., Willerman, B., & Hyman, R. (1961). Emotional disruption and industrial productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45 (4), 201?213.

Notas [ editar | editar a fonte ]

Vexase tamen [ editar | editar a fonte ]

Ligazons externas [ editar | editar a fonte ]

• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir