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???????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Mattingly p. 401 the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive
↑ Parker & Martin p. 5 an unmitigated disaster
↑ Vego p 148 the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada.
↑ Lucy Hughes-Hallett notes that the action off Gravelines "was the fight which would enter English history books as “the defeat of the Spanish Armada,” but to those who took part in it the engagement appeared inconclusive. By the end of it the Armada was battered but still battleworthy, while the English were almost entirely out of ammunition". Hughes-Hallett, Lucy: Heroes: A History of Hero Worship . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-48590-8 , p. 327.
↑ "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive". Holmes, Richard; Marix Evans, Martin: Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-150117-3 , p. 108.
↑ According to Jose Alcala-Zamora Queipo de Llano , "the confused and partial news of the indecisive naval actions fought between both naval formations in the English Channel were transformed into adulatory, courtier and political victorious reports". Alcala-Zamora, Jose N. : La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible": fabulacion y realidad) . Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. ISBN 9788495983374 , p. 20.
↑ Parker & Martin p. 245
↑ Alcala-Zamora p 56
↑ Richard Holmes 2001, Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History, p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive"
↑ Mattingly 362
↑ ^???? ^???? Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p. 40.
↑ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , pp.10, 13, 19, 26.
↑ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , pp.10, 13, 19, 26.
↑ "The Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain, 660-1649", N. A. M. Rodgers, Penguin, 2004, p 263-269
↑ John A. Wagner (2010). Voices of Shakespeare's England: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life . ABC-CLIO. p. 91.
↑ Colin Martin; Geoffrey Parker (1999). The Spanish Armada (revised ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 5.
↑ ????? ??????? ??????? , 'armada'
↑ Pendrill, Colin (2002). Spain 1474-1700:The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire . Bristol: Heinemann. pp. 286 . ISBN 978-0-435-32733-0 . "If the Armada is not as successful as we hoped but yet not entirely defeated, then you may offer England peace on the following terms. The first is that in England the free use and exercise of our Holy Catholic faith shall be permitted to all Catholics, native and foreign, and that those that are in exile shall be permitted to return. The second is that all the place in my netherlands which the English hold shall be restored to me and the third that they shall recompense me for the injury they have done me, my dominions and my subjects, which will amount to an exceeding great sum. With regard the free exercise of Catholicism, you may point out to them that since freedom of worship is permitted to the huguenots of France, there will be no sacrifice of dignity in allowing the same privilege to Catholics in England." April 1588, Philip II to the Duke of Parma.
↑
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Spanish Armada" . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"…the widespread suffering and irritation caused by the religious wars Elizabeth fomented, and the indignation caused by her religious persecution, and the execution of Mary Stuart, caused Catholics everywhere to sympathise with Spain and to regard the Armada as a crusade against the most dangerous enemy of the faith," and, "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada, but given the time needed for preparation and actual sailing of the fleet, would give nothing until the expedition should actually land in England. In this way he eventually was saved the million crowns, and did not take any proceedings against the heretic queen."
↑ Wagner, John (1999). Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World; Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America . Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 1-57958-269-9 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 .
↑ Coote, Stephen (2003). Drake, The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero . London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 248?52. ISBN 0-7432-2007-2 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 .
↑ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p. 94, gives 30,500 and raised to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry on p.96. Also, the hoax paper The English Mercurie published by Authoritie , Whitehall 23 July 1588, Imprinted at London by Chriss Barker, Her Highnesse's Printer, 1588, otherwise states fairly accurately, p. 3, "…all the Spanish troops in the Netherlands, and consists of thirty thousand Foot and eighteen hundred Horse."
↑ The Spanish Armada : Sir Francis Drake
↑ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p. 185.
↑ Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p.153.
↑ Mcdermott. England and the Spanish Armada. p. 260
↑ Patrick Fraser Tytler (1833), Life of Sir Walter Raleigh , Edenburgh: Oliver & Boyd; [etc., etc.], OCLC 3656130
↑ Aled Jones (5 May 2005). Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series . Cambridge University Press. pp. 129?. ISBN 978-0-521-84995-1 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 .
↑ ???? ???????? by Nicholas Hilliard at bbc.co.uk
↑ Aled Jones (5 May 2005). Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series . Cambridge University Press. pp. 129?. ISBN 978-0-521-84995-1 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 .

?????????????? ?????????. ≪ Spanish Armada ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

The Story of the Tobermory Spanish Galleon
Top 10 myths and muddles about the Spanish Armada, history’s most confused and misunderstood battle. Wes Ulm, Harvard University ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Insight into the context, personalities, planning and consequences. Wes Ulm
English translation of Francisco de Cuellar's account of his service in the Armada and on the run in Ireland
Elizabeth I and the Spanish Armada ? a learning resource and teachers notes from the British Library

[1] Mattingly p. 401 the defeat of the Spanish armada really was decisive

[2] Parker & Martin p. 5 an unmitigated disaster

[3] Vego p 148 the decisive defeat of the Spanish armada.

[4] Lucy Hughes-Hallett notes that the action off Gravelines "was the fight which would enter English history books as “the defeat of the Spanish Armada,” but to those who took part in it the engagement appeared inconclusive. By the end of it the Armada was battered but still battleworthy, while the English were almost entirely out of ammunition". Hughes-Hallett, Lucy: Heroes: A History of Hero Worship . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2010. ISBN 978-0-307-48590-8 , p. 327.

[5] "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive". Holmes, Richard; Marix Evans, Martin: Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-150117-3 , p. 108.

[6] According to Jose Alcala-Zamora Queipo de Llano , "the confused and partial news of the indecisive naval actions fought between both naval formations in the English Channel were transformed into adulatory, courtier and political victorious reports". Alcala-Zamora, Jose N. : La empresa de Inglaterra: (la "Armada invencible": fabulacion y realidad) . Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia, 2004. ISBN 9788495983374 , p. 20.

[7] Parker & Martin p. 245

[8] Alcala-Zamora p 56

[9] Richard Holmes 2001, Battlefield: Decisive Conflicts in History, p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms it was essentially indecisive"

[10] Mattingly 362

[Martin_40-11] ???? ^???? Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p. 40.

[12] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , pp.10, 13, 19, 26.

[13] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , pp.10, 13, 19, 26.

[14] "The Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain, 660-1649", N. A. M. Rodgers, Penguin, 2004, p 263-269

[15] John A. Wagner (2010). Voices of Shakespeare's England: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life: Contemporary Accounts of Elizabethan Daily Life . ABC-CLIO. p. 91.

[16] Colin Martin; Geoffrey Parker (1999). The Spanish Armada (revised ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 5.

[17] ????? ??????? ??????? , 'armada'

[Pendrill-18] Pendrill, Colin (2002). Spain 1474-1700:The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire . Bristol: Heinemann. pp. 286 . ISBN 978-0-435-32733-0 . "If the Armada is not as successful as we hoped but yet not entirely defeated, then you may offer England peace on the following terms. The first is that in England the free use and exercise of our Holy Catholic faith shall be permitted to all Catholics, native and foreign, and that those that are in exile shall be permitted to return. The second is that all the place in my netherlands which the English hold shall be restored to me and the third that they shall recompense me for the injury they have done me, my dominions and my subjects, which will amount to an exceeding great sum. With regard the free exercise of Catholicism, you may point out to them that since freedom of worship is permitted to the huguenots of France, there will be no sacrifice of dignity in allowing the same privilege to Catholics in England." April 1588, Philip II to the Duke of Parma.

[19] 
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Spanish Armada" . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"…the widespread suffering and irritation caused by the religious wars Elizabeth fomented, and the indignation caused by her religious persecution, and the execution of Mary Stuart, caused Catholics everywhere to sympathise with Spain and to regard the Armada as a crusade against the most dangerous enemy of the faith," and, "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada, but given the time needed for preparation and actual sailing of the fleet, would give nothing until the expedition should actually land in England. In this way he eventually was saved the million crowns, and did not take any proceedings against the heretic queen."

[Wagner-20] Wagner, John (1999). Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World; Britain, Ireland, Europe, and America . Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 1-57958-269-9 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 .

[Coote-21] Coote, Stephen (2003). Drake, The Life and Legend of an Elizabethan Hero . London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. pp. 248?52. ISBN 0-7432-2007-2 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 .

[22] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p. 94, gives 30,500 and raised to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry on p.96. Also, the hoax paper The English Mercurie published by Authoritie , Whitehall 23 July 1588, Imprinted at London by Chriss Barker, Her Highnesse's Printer, 1588, otherwise states fairly accurately, p. 3, "…all the Spanish troops in the Netherlands, and consists of thirty thousand Foot and eighteen hundred Horse."

[23] The Spanish Armada : Sir Francis Drake

[24] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p. 185.

[25] Colin Martin, Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada , Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 1-901341-14-3 , p.153.

[26] Mcdermott. England and the Spanish Armada. p. 260

[27] Patrick Fraser Tytler (1833), Life of Sir Walter Raleigh , Edenburgh: Oliver & Boyd; [etc., etc.], OCLC 3656130

[Jones2005-28] Aled Jones (5 May 2005). Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series . Cambridge University Press. pp. 129?. ISBN 978-0-521-84995-1 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 .

[29] ???? ???????? by Nicholas Hilliard at bbc.co.uk

[Jones2005b-30] Aled Jones (5 May 2005). Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Sixth Series . Cambridge University Press. pp. 129?. ISBN 978-0-521-84995-1 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 .

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