???????? ??????

*???????? ??????*
	?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???
???? ???????	??????? ????? (?????)
???????	????
?????? ??????	1989-084B
????? ?????	?????
?????	www2 .jpl .nasa .gov /galileo /
??? ???????	???? ???
????????? ???????
??????	????????? ??????? ??
??? ?????	????? ??????? (????? ????) ; Probe: ??? ??????? (??? ????)
????	Orbiter: 570 watts ; Probe: 580 watts
???? ???????
????? ??????????	October 18, 1989, 16:53:40 UTC
????	???? ????? ???????? ; ????????-?? / IUS
???? ?????	?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????
Entered service	December 8, 1995 [ ??????? ???? ]
????? ???????
Disposal	Deorbited
????? ??????	?? ?? ???? UTC
?????? ?????
?????? ????	Geocentric
????? ?? ????? (?????) (gravity assist)
?????????? ?????	?? ????? ????
????? ?? ???? (gravity assist)
?????????? ?????	? ?????? ????
????? ?? ?????? ??? (incidental)
?????????? ?????	?? ????? ????
????? ?? ???? (gravity assist)
?????????? ?????	? ?????? ????
????? ?? ???? ??? (incidental)
?????????? ?????	?? ??? ????
????? (?????) atmospheric probe
????? ???????	Probe
???? ?? ??	December 7, 1995, 22:04 UTC ; Operated for 57 minutes
???? ??????	???°N, 4.4°W ; at entry interface
??????? ????? (?????)
????? ???????	Orbiter
???? ?? ????	December 8, 1995, 01:20:00 UTC

?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??. ???????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ??????.

?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??. ?? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????-?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????. ^[?]

????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ???. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ≪ ????? ≫ ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ≪ ??? ≫ ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ???.

????? ??????? [ ?????? ]

?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??.

?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???. ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???. ^[?]

???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??. ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???g ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???. ^[?]

???????? ???? [ ?????? ]

????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (??? ?????) ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ????????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????. ???????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???. ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????: ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????. ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[?]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????????: ????? ??????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
↑ ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?????: ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine -?? ??????? ????
↑ ???? ?????? ????? - ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
↑ ???????? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ??????
???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????
?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? Wayback Machine

[1] ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ????????: ????? ??????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine

[2] ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ?????: ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine -?? ??????? ????

[3] ???? ?????? ????? - ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine

[4] ???????? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

? ? ? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????
???????? ?????	??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????-?????? ??? ????????
?????????	???????? ?????? ???????? ???? (????)
?????????? ???????	Galileo Probe
??????????? ???????????????	?????? ?????? ??? ????? (JUICE) (????) ????? ????? (????) Tianwen-4 (????)
??????????? ??????????	Interstellar Express (????) ?????? (????) Io Volcano Observer (????) ???????? ????? (????) (????) FIRE (????) OKEANOS (????) SMARA (2030) ?????? ????????????? (????)
??????????? ??????/??????	???? (??????????) Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace ??????? ????? ????? Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter Europa Orbiter Innovative Interstellar Explorer Jovian Europa Orbiter ??????? ?????? ??? ????? Neptune Orbiter New Horizons 2 Pioneer H ?????? ????? ????? ??????-??
??????? ?????	???? ????? ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???

? ? ? ????????? ????? ??? ?? (??????)
????????? ?????? ???? ????	ACE ?????? ???????? ARTEMIS ??????-?????? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? (???????) ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? STEREO ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?
????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? by termination date	NEAR Shoemaker (????) ??? ????? ? (????) ??????? ?? (2003) ???????? ?????? (????) Nozomi (????) ???????? ?????? (????) ?????????? ????? ???? (????) ?????? ?????? (????) ???? ?? ? (????) ?????? ????? ????? (????) ????????-? (????) ???? (2009) ??????? (????) ???????? (????) ?????? ???????? (????) ????????? ??? (????) ???????? ????????? (????) GRAIL (????) ?????? ??? (??????? ?????) (????) ?????? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? (????)
????? ?????????? ????? List of lunar probes ?????? ?????? ??? proposed

? ? ? ????????? ???????? ??
??????????? ?????	ACRIMSAT AIRS ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? / Mars Cube One ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? MLS ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? TES ????? ????? ? ????? ?
??????????? ?????	??????-?????? ??? (???????) ?????? ??? (??????? ?????) ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? Genesis ??????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? Jason-1 ???? (???????) ?????? (??????) ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? NSCAT ?????? ?????? ??????? QuikSCAT ????? ????? ???? ???? (???????) ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? SME ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? TOPEX/Poseidon ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? WFPC WIRE
??????????? ??????	AFL
?????????? ??????	???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? Table Mountain Observatory Solar System Ambassadors
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Science Division ?????? ????? ????????????? Space Flight Operations Facility

? ? ? ??????? ??????
Scientific career	????????? ???? Galileo affair Galileo's escapement ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment Phases of Venus Celatone Thermoscope
Works	De Motu Antiquiora (1589-1592, pub. 1687) Sidereus Nuncius (1610) Letters on Sunspots (1613) Letter to Benedetto Castelli (1613) " Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina " (1615) " Discourse on the Tides " (1616) Discourse on Comets (1619) The Assayer (1623) ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? (1632) Two New Sciences (1638)
Family	??????? ?????? (father) Michelagnolo Galilei (brother) Vincenzo Gamba (son) ????? ???? (daughter) Marina Gamba (mistress)
Related	" ? ???? ?? ???? ??? " Villa Il Gioiello Galileo's paradox Sector Museo Galileo ??????? ?????? Tribune of Galileo ???????? ??????
In popular culture	????? ?????? Lamp At Midnight (1947 play) ??????? (???? ????) ??????? (???? ????) Starry Messenger (1996 book) Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love (1999 book) Galileo Galilei (2002 opera) Galileo's Dream (2009 novel)