Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok

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Chia kai-si?u e s? 1949 ni iu tiong-kok ki?ng-san-tong kian-li?p, chit-ma it-poaⁿ kong e kok-ka Tiong-kok, n? ham-ho? e "Tiong-kok" khai-li?m, khoaⁿ Tiong-kok (i?ng-gi) ; n? i-cheng thong-ti tiong-kok t?i-lio?k , chit-ma soa-khi tai-oan e cheng-khoan, khoaⁿ tiong-hoa-bin-kok
Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok
中?人民共和?
Tiong-kok kî-á
kok-ki
Tiong-kok kok-hui
kok-hui
Kok-koa:   ?勇??行曲
" G?-iong-kun chin-heng-khek "
Siu-to? Pak-kiaⁿ
Si?ng-t?a siaⁿ-chh? Si?ng-hai
Koaⁿ-hong gi-gian Han-gi Pho?-thong-?e
seng-j?n e t?-hng gi-gian
Cheng-hu tan-it-che , Marx-Lenin-chu-g? , it-tong-che , Si?-h?e-chu-g? , ki?ng-ho-kok
? kok-ka chu-se?k
Si?p K?n-peng (m? s? Tiong Ki?ng chong-su-ki)
? kok-b?-?ⁿ chong-li
Li Kiong
?  Jin-t?i ui-oan-tiuⁿ
Ti? Lo?k-che
?  Cheng-hia?p chu-se?k
Ong H??-leng
Li?p-hoat ki-ko? Choan-kok Jin-bin T?i-piau T?i-h?e
B?n-chek
? Long-chong
9,596,961 km 2 (3,705,407 sq mi) ( t? 3 mia )
? chui-he?k (%)
2.8
Jin-khau
? 2020 ni pho?-cha
Neutral increase 1,411,778,724
? Bi?t-t??
145/km 2 (375.5/sq mi) ( t? 83 mia )
GDP   ( PPP ) 2021 ni ko?-ke
? Long-chong
Increase $26.66 b?n-ek ( t? 1 mia )
? Peng-kin
Increase $18,931 ( t? 100 mia )
GDP   (beng-g?) 2021 ni ko?-ke
? Long-chong
Increase $16.64 b?n-ek ( t? 2 mia )
? Peng-kin
Increase $11,819 ( t? 56 mia )
Gini   (2018 ni) Negative increase 46.7
ko
HDI   (2019 ni) Increase 0.761
ko  ·  t? 85 mia
Hoe-pe Jin-bin-pe (元/￥) ( CNY )
Si-khu UTC +8 ( CST )
Si-kan keh-sek yyyy-mm-dd
yyyy 年 m 月 d 日 ( CE ; CE-1949 )
Siong-i?ng ti?n-goan 220 V?50 Hz
Khui-chhia hong-hiong i?
Ti?n-o? khu-h? +86
ISO 3166 t?i-h? CN
Si?ng-teng domain .cn
.中?
.中國

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok ( Han-j? : 中華人民共和國 ; Kan-hoa-j? : 中?人民共和? ; Eng-gi : People's Republic of China ), kan-chheng Tiong-kok ( 中國 , Kan-hoa-j? : 中? ), s? tiam t? Tang A-chius? e si?-h?e-chu-g? kok-ka , t? 1949-ni 10 go?eh 1 ji?t seng-li?p, siu-to? t? Pak-kiaⁿ-chh? . [1] Tiong-kok , tho?-t? b?n-chek t?i-iok s? 960 b?n peng-hong kong-li , s? se-kai si?ng pai t? cheng kui mia e kok-ka. [chu 1] [2]

Tiong-kok ? 34 e it-kip heng-cheng-khu, pau-koat 23 e seng , [chu 2] 5 e ch?-t?-khu , 4 e ti?t-hat-chh? , kap 2 e te?k-pia?t heng-cheng-khu .

Tiong-kok e jin-khau chhiau-koe 14 ek (2022 ni), s? bo?k-cheng se-kai si?ng jin-khau si?ng ch? e kok-ka. Tiong-kok m? s? chi?t e to-bin-cho?k kok-ka, ? 56 e bin-cho?k , ki-tiong Han-cho?k jin-khau si?ng ch?, chiam si?ng-bo 9 siaⁿ. [3]

Tiong-kok e kok-gi s? Hoa-gi , cheng-sek chheng-ho? s? Hi?n-t?i Piau-chun Han-gi chi-tiong e Pho?-thong-?e , i su-i?ng e bun-j? s? kui-ho?n Han-j? , m? kio-cho kan-hoa-j? .

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok bo?k-cheng s? se-kai t?-2 t?a keng-che-the , 2021 ni Tiong-kok e GDP ? 17.7 ti?u Bi-kim , an-chiau kok-che h?e-lu?t ke-s?g, pai se-kai t?-j? , kan-taⁿ su Bi-kok , an-chiau ko?-be-le?k peng-ke lai ke-s?g, s? se-kai t?-it. [4] 1978 ni Kai-kek khai-hong ?u, Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok s? keng-che seng-tiong si?ng kin e chi?t e chu-iau keng-che-the, [5] [6] i e GDP seng-tiong-lu?t ti?ⁿ-ti?ⁿ s? se-kai thau 20 mia keng-che-the chi-tiong si?ng koan ·e.

Kok-mia [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok kok-mia tiong, “Tiong-hoa” t?i-piau Tiong-hoa Bin-cho?k , “jin-bin” t?i-piau kang-lang , cho-sit-lang , sio chu-san kai-kip kap bin-cho?k chu-san kai-kip , “ki?ng-ho-kok” t?i-piau i e kok-the .

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok ?-si ? h?? lang kio-cho “Sin Tiong-kok”, che s? beh h?m Sin B?n-chu Chu-g? Kek-b?ng si-ki e “K? Tiong-kok” cho khu-hun. M?-ko 1949 ni kau 1971 ni chi-kan, Tiong-hoa Bin-kok Cheng-hu i-soa khi Tai-oan liau-?u, iu-goan h?? kok-che si?-h?e tong-cho s? Tiong-kok cheng-hu, ji-chhiaⁿ t? Lian-ha?p-kok tiong koh chiam-iu Tiong-kok e se?k-chhu; chit-e si-ch?n e Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok h?? lang kio-cho “Ang-sek Tiong-kok” (紅色中國; Eng-gi: Red China) ia?h-s? “Ki?ng-san Tiong-kok” (共?中國; Eng-gi: Communist-controlled China), chong-·s? i oan-a kian-chhi i ka-k? s? t?i-piau Tiong-kok e i-it ha?p-hoat cheng-hu.

1971 ni 10 goe?h, Lian-ha?p-kok T?i-h?e thong-koe Lian-ha?p-kok T?i-h?e T? 2758 H? Koat-g? , Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok tui hit-si khai-si chhu-tit “Tiong-kok” e se?k-chhu kap siong-koan t?-?i, “Tiong-kok” chit-e su m? chi?m-chi?m chiaⁿ-cho kok-che si?-h?e tui Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e chheng-ho?. “Tiong” (中) ia?h-s? “Hoa” (華) chia-e kan-chheng m? ti?ⁿ-ti?ⁿ long s? teh chi-chheng Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok, chhi?ⁿ-kong “Tiong-Ji?t koan-h?”, “ch?-Hoa t?i-sai” teng-teng.

1949 ni i-?u, khong-che Tai-oan t?-khu e Tiong-hoa Bin-kok Cheng-hu kau-taⁿ iau-b?e t? hian-hoat chan-kip chu-tiuⁿ i ka-k? kap Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok s? bo-kang e nn?g e chu-khoan kok-ka , so?-i i bo ai i?ng cheng-sek kok-mia lai chheng-ho? Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok, tian-to s? k? i kio-cho “ Tiong-kok T?i-lio?k ”, “T?i-lio?k”, “T?i-lio?k Tong-kio?k”, “Pak-kiaⁿ Tong-kio?k”, ia?h “ Tiong-ki?ng ” teng-teng. S?-kong, Bin-chu Chin-p?? Tong chip-cheng si-ki, Tiong-hoa Bin-kok Cheng-hu ?-si m? ? ti?t-chiap kong “Tiong-kok” ia?h-s? “Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok”. [7]

T?-li [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Siong-se chhiaⁿ khoaⁿ: Tiong-kok t?-li

Nia-tho? [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tiong-kok e hoat-t?ng kiong-he?k pak chi Hek-liong-kang-seng Bo?-ho-ko?n e Hek-liong-kang ho-chhoan hang-t? tiong-sim-tiam, tang chi Hek-liong-kang kap O?-so?-li-kang ha?p-kang e Heixiazi-to , sai chi Sin-kiong Uyghur Chu-t?-khu Ulugqat-ko?n se-hng e Pamir koan-phiaⁿ , lam chi Hai-lam-seng koan-hat chi-h?, Lam-soa Kun-to e Chan-bu Am-soa . Tang-sai k?-l? t?i-iok ? 5,200 km (h?ⁿ-koe 5 e si-khu ), lam-pak k?-l? t?i-iok ? 5,500 km.

Tiong-kok e hai-h?aⁿ-soaⁿ ? 18,000 km, oa-k?n Pu?t-hai , N?g-hai , Tang Tiong-kok Hai , Lam Tiong-kok Hai , ki-tiong Pu?t-hai s? Tiong-kok e l?i-hai, l?i-hai kap piⁿ-hai chui-he?k b?n-chek t?i-iok 470 b?n km 2 . ian-hai to-s? ? 5000 g?a e. Tiong-kok koh ? 3 e chu-iau e hai-kiap : Pu?t-hai Hai-kiap , O?-chui-kau , Kheng-chiu Hai-kiap .

Tiong-kok e pian-kai-soaⁿ long-chong ? 22000 g?a km, sui-jian ia ? cheng-g?, iu-goan s? se-kai si?ng tn?g . [8] I ? 14 e lio?k-si?ng lin-kok, se-kai si?ng ch?, kah L??-se-a peⁿ ch?.

Tiong-kok e t?ng-heng-to?

T?-heng kap khi-h?u [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tiong-kok e t?-se s? sai koan tang k?, ?-sai hun-cho saⁿ gam gam-a”. T?-1 gam s? se-lam-p?? e Chheng-Ch?ng Ko-goan m? h?? lang kio-cho “ Se-kai Chhu-chit ”.

Le?k-su [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

: Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok le?k-su kap Tiong-kok le?k-su

Kok-ki?ng l?i-chian [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

1917 ni L??-se-a Cha?p-goe?h Kek-b?ng seng-kong, ki?ng-san-chu-g? thoan ·ji?p-khi Tiong-kok . 1921 ni Tiong-kok Ki?ng-san Tong t? Si?ng-hai seng-li?p, in e bo?k-phiau s? beh kian-ji?p chi?t e bu-san kai-chip choan-cheng e cheng-khoan. Chi?t-khai-si, in ka-ji?p Ki?ng-san Kok-che chiap-si? chi-t?, koh kap Tiong-kok Kok-bin Tong ha?p-chok , chham-u Pak-hoa?t Chian-cheng , m?-koh 1927 ni Chiuⁿ Kai-chio?h cho-thau e Tiong-kok Khong-ji?t Chian-cheng si?t-si “Chheng-tong”, nn?g-peng soah koan-h? pho-lia?t, soa·-lo?h-lai 10 ni e si-kan t? put-si teh sio-chian . 1930 ni-t?i, i Mo? Te?k-tong cho-thau e pun-tho? phai la?k-khoan, kian-li?p t?-it e iu Ki?ng-san-tong chip-cheng e cheng-khoan: Tiong-hoa Soviet Ki?ng-ho-kok . Tiong-kok Khong-ji?t Chian-cheng si-ki, Ki?ng-san Tong koh-chai h?m Kok-bin-tong ha?p-chok, chhu-si Ki?ng-san-tong e se-le?k tau?h-tau?h-a hun-t?a.1945 ni Tiong-kok Khong-ji?t Chian-cheng kiat-sok liau-?u, Kok-ki?ng chi-kan e chhiong-tu?t ian-pian chiaⁿ-cho T?-j?-chhu Kok-Ki?ng L?i-chian , lo?h-boe, Tiong-kok Ki?ng-san Tong leng-t? e Tiong-kok Jin-bin Kai-hong Kun phah-p?i Tiong-kok Kok-bin Tong e Tiong-hoa Bin-kok Kok-kun , thui-hoan Tiong-hoa Bin-kok , chiam-nia Tiong-kok T?i-lio?k , ah Chiuⁿ Kai-chio?h kap i e cheng-khoan t??-hai liu-bong kau Tai-oan t?-khu .

Kek-b?ng Kian-siat [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Kai-kek khai-hong [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Cheng-t? [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Pak-kiaⁿ Tiong-an-ke tiong-ng e Thian-an-mn?g siaⁿ-lau kap kong-tiuⁿ s? Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e kok-ka kap cheng-t? si?ng-teng.
Thian-an-mn?g b?n-cheng e t?a pak Mo? Te?k-tong ?e-si?ng s? ?e-ka Wang Guodong t? 1967 ni ?e ·e. Siong-phiⁿ e chian-keng s? chi?t sian Pak-kiaⁿ hong-siaⁿ e suanni tiau-si?ng, ki?ng-ki?ng so?-? e cheng-hu ki-koan thau-cheng long ? suanni, i s? kok-ka khoan-ui e si?ng-teng chi-it.

Kok-the kap cheng-the [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

An-chiau Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok Hian-hoat , Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok kok-the s? ui kang-lang kai-chip leng-t? e, i kang-long lian-beng ui ki-chho? e, jin-bin b?n-chu choan-cheng e si?-h?e-chu-g? kok-ka . [9] Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok m? s? se-kai si?ng chio-so? iu ki?ng-san-tong chip-cheng, ji-chhiaⁿ soan-iong ki?ng-san-chu-g? e kok-ka chi-it. [10] Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e kok-ka i-sek-heng-thai s? Ma-khek-su-chu-g? , koh ? Tiong-kok Ki?ng-san Tong t? Ma-khek-su-chu-g? e ki-chho? si?ng the-chhut e Mo? Te?k-tong Su-siong , T?ng Siau-peng Li-l?n , Saⁿ e T?i-piau , Kho-ha?k Hoat-tian Koan , Si?p K?n-peng Sin Si-t?i Tiong-kok Te?k-sek Si?-h?e-chu-g? Su-siong teng-teng li-l?n. [11] [12] Kok-cheng hong-chiam pau-koat Jin-bin bin-chu choan-cheng, Tiong-kok Te?k-sek Si?-h?e-chu-g? kap Si?-h?e-chu-g? Chh?-tiuⁿ-keng-che . [13]

Cheng-hu kiat-ko? [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Choan-kok Jin-bin T?i-piau T?i-h?e (全國人民代表大會) s? kok-ka choe-ko khoan-le?k ki-koan; chu-iau heng-su li?p-hoat-khoan , p?ng soan-chhut kok-ka goan-siu ( Kok-ka Chu-se?k ), heng-cheng ki-koan ( Kok-b?-?ⁿ ), su-hoat ki-koan ( Choe-ko Jin-bin Hoat-?ⁿ ), kiam-chhat ki-koan ( Choe-ko Jin-bin kiam-chhat ?ⁿ ), k?-su ki-koan ( Tiong-iong Kun-s? Ui-oan-h?e ), kam-chhat ki-koan (Kok-ka Kam-chhat Ui-oan-h?e) teng-teng e.

Cheng-t? khoan-l? [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Heng-cheng-khu [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Siong-se chhiaⁿ khoaⁿ: Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e heng-cheng-khu
Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok heng-cheng-khu to? Chan-kip Hoa-h?, mia, kan-chheng, seng-to?/siu-hu
Seng
Chu-t?-khu
Ti?t-hat-chh?
Te?k-pia?t Heng-cheng-khu

Keng-che [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Keng-che ch?ng-hong [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Leng-goan kap khong-san [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tiong-kok s? se-kai si?ng gau khai leng-goan e kok-ka, m? s? leng-goan seng-san si?ng ch? e kok-ka. 2016 ni seng-san ti?n-le?k 5.883 ti?u t?? ti?n, siau-mo? 5.564 ti?u t?? ti?n. [14]

Kau-thong [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Siong-se chhiaⁿ khoaⁿ: Tiong-kok e kau-thong

Tiong-kok ? thih-l?? h?-thong , kong-l?? h?-thong , hang-khong h?-thong , hang-?n h?-thong kap pipeline ?n-su ko?-seng e kau-thong ?n-su-b?ng.

Kok-che b??-e?k [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tiong-kok s? Se-kai B??-e?k Cho?-chit e seng-goan, i s? t? 2001 ni ka-ji?t-·khi ·e. [15]

Kho-ki [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Ch?-sin kho-ki [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tiong-kok ? Hoa-ui , Lenovo chi?p-thoan , Siau-bi Kho-ki , OPPO teng-teng ko-jin ti?n-nau kap chhi?-ki kong-si.

Jin-khau [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Cho?k-kun [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

: Tiong-hoa Bin-cho?k kap Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e bin-cho?k cheng-chhek

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e hoat-t?ng bin-cho?k ? 56 e, ha?p-chheng Tiong-hoa Bin-cho?k , ki-tiong e chu-the s? Han-cho?k . Tu-khi Han-cho?k lia?h-g?a e 55 cho?k long h?ng kio-cho “ siau-so? bin-cho?k ”,

Gi-gian kap bun-j? [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Siong-se chhiaⁿ khoaⁿ: Tiong-kok e gi-gian
Chham-oa?t: Hi?n-t?i Piau-chun Han-gi , Pho?-thong-?e , kui-ho?n Han-j? , kap Han-gi Pheng-im

Tiong-kok e gi-gian chin ch?, ?-sai hun-c 5 e ho gi-gian ka-cho?k : Han-ch?ng gi-h? , Altai gi-h? , Lam-to gi-h? , Lam-a gi-h? , In-au gi-h? . [16] Han-ch?ng gi-h? ?-kha e Han-gi s? Tiong-kok l?i-te su-i?ng jin-khau si?ng ch? ·e, m? s? se-kai si?ng su-i?ng jin-khau si?ng ·e. Han-gi ?-kha pau-ham 7 e t?a hun-chi: Koaⁿ-?e , Ngo?-gi , Oa?t-gi , Ban-gi , Siong-gi , Kam-gi , Kheh-ka-gi , in h?? Tiong-kok e gi-gian-ha?k-ka tong-cho Han-gi e “ hong-gian ”. [17]

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok t? 2000 ni thong-koe Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok Thong-i?ng Gi-gian Bun-j? Hoat , i-hoat chiong Pho?-thong-?e kap kui-ho?n Han-j? t?ng ui kok-ka thong-i?ng gi-gian bun-j?, i-pi?n choan-kok kok-cho?k jin-bin ko?-thong kau-liu. [18] Cheng-hu ?n-hu t? te?k-t?ng cheng-heng h? po-liu hoan-the han-j?, ji-chhiaⁿ h?? kok bin-cho?k ?-sai khi su-i?ng kap hoat-tian ka-k? e gi-gian kap bun-j?. [19] Kok-ka thong-i?ng-gi Pho?-thong-?e s? “i Pak-kiaⁿ gi-im ui phiau-chun im, i pak-hng-?e ui ki-chho? hong-gian, i tian-ho?n e hi?n-t?i pe?h-?e-bun tu-chok ui gi-hoat kui-ho?n.” [16] [20]

Tiong-kok e siau-so? cho?k-kun m? su-i?ng in ka-k? e gi-gian, pi-l?n-kong Bong-ko?-gi , Ch?ng-gi , Uyghur-gi , Kazakh-gi , Tiau-sian-gi , I-gi , Chong-gi teng-teng.

Sui-jian Tiong-kok t? hoat-lu?t si?ng sia kong ? po-chiong so?-? gi-gian, si?t-che-si?ng put-si leh taⁿ-ap Pho?-thong-?e lia?h-g?a e gi-gian. Pi-l?n-kong t? siau-so? bin-cho?k t?-khu, Tiong-kok cheng-hu chi?m-chi?m h?n-che siau-so? bin-cho?k su-i?ng bin-cho?k gi-gian lai kha-chheh, chhut-pan, chhi?ⁿ Bong-ko?-gi , Ch?ng-gi , Uyghur-gi long ? si?-h?i e ki-lio?k, chit khoan cheng-heng m? put-si leh si?-tio?h jin-khoan jin-s? e phoe-pheng. [21] [22] [23]

Chong-kau sin-iong [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Siong-se chhiaⁿ khoaⁿ: Tiong-kok e chong-kau

Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok e koaⁿ-hong li?p-tiuⁿ s? bu-sin-l?n , bo siat-ti hoat-t?ng chong-kau, cheng-hu chi-chhi p?ng chip-heng hoan-chong-kau ?n-t?ng. Sui-jian Hian-hoat po-chiong chong-kau ch?-iu, [9] koh ? Kok-ka Chong-kau S?-b? Kio?k koan-li kok-l?i chong-kau s?-b?, t?n-s? bo h?? cheng-hu phoe-chun e chong-kau cho?-chit ? si?-tio?h, ah-ch? s?m-chi pho-h?i. [24]

Bun-hoa [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Bun-ha?k [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

G?-su?t [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

The-io?k [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Koh khoaⁿ [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

P?-chu [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

  1. ↑ N? s? bo pau-koat lio?k-t? teng-koan e chui-he?k, Tiong-kok s? t?-2 t?a; n?-s? s?g chong-b?n-chek, i s? t?-3 ia?h t?-4 t?a. Bo-kang e ke-s?g hong-sek ? h?? Tiong-kok kap Bi-kok e pai-mia bo-kang.
  2. ↑ Pau-koat i seng-chheng ui nia-tho? t?n bo si?t-che thong-t? e Tai-oan-seng . Si?t-che koan-hat ·e ? 22 e seng.

Chham-kho chu-li?u [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

  1. ↑ "Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok siu-to?" . Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok Tiong-iong Jin-bin Cheng-hu . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  2. ↑ Countries of the world ordered by land area Archived 2010-03-05 at the Wayback Machine .. List of countries of the world in alphabetical order. [2022-05-26] (Eng-gi) .
  3. ↑ 曹?? (2012-04-20). " 2010 ni T?-6 Kai Choan-kok Jin-khau Pho?-cha Chu-iau So?-ki Kong-po " (?ng Hoa-gi). Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok Kok-b?-?ⁿ . 2016-01-22 khoaⁿ--e .  
  4. ↑ Garry White (2013-02-10). "China trade now bigger than US" . The Telegraph (?ng Eng-gi) . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  5. ↑ Carl J. Dahlman和Jean-Eric Aubert (2001年). "China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. WBI Development Studies" (?ng Eng-gi). Education Resources Information Center . 2016-01-22 khoaⁿ--e .    
  6. ↑ Angus Maddison (2007年). "Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run" (PDF) (?ng Eng-gi). Keng-che Ha?p-chok kap Hoat-tian Cho?-chit . goan-lo?-iong (PDF) t? 2014-10-15 h?ng kho?-pih . 2016-01-22 khoaⁿ--e .  
  7. ↑ "【圖表】台灣或中華民國？中國還是中國大陸？四位總統任內這樣叫" . If Lin (?ng Hoa-gi). The News Lens. 2018-08-23. Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2021-10-30 . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  8. ↑ "中?????界????：?90%?地?界已?定" (?ng Hoa-gi). 搜狐新?中心. Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2013-12-17 . 2010-04-01 khoaⁿ--e .  
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "中?人民共和??法" (?ng Hoa-gi). 中?政府?. Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2018-03-22 . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  10. ↑ 人民網 . 黨的最終目標是什?？共?主義社會有?些基本特徵？ Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine .. 中國共?黨新聞網. 2007年9月1日 [2016年1月22日]
    1. REDIRECT Template:Zh-hans .
  11. ↑ 白墨 (2015-05-25). 「四個全面」：習近平?「中國夢」解夢 . BBC中文網 . BBC . Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2022-05-23 . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  12. ↑ ?近平在中?共??第十九次全?代表大?上的?告 . ?史?育??? (?ng Hoa-gi). 2017-10-28. goan-lo?-iong t? 2022-05-23 h?ng kho?-pih . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  13. ↑ An. Xi reiterates adherence to socialism with Chinese characteristics Archived 2013-12-06 at the Wayback Machine .. Sin-hoa-si? . 2013-01-05 [2016-01-22] (Eng-gi) .
  14. ↑ "The World Factbook - China" (?ng Eng-gi). CIA . 2022-05-20.  
  15. ↑ "China and the WTO" (?ng Eng-gi). WTO . 2022-05-27 khoaⁿ--e .  
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 中??言文字?? . Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok Kau-io?k-p?? (?ng Hoa-gi). 中?政府?. 2019-03-22. goan-lo?-iong t? 2022-03-22 h?ng kho?-pih . 2022-05-26 khoaⁿ--e .  
  17. ↑ 我???七大方言? (?ng Hoa-gi). 江山文???. 2007-10-03. goan-lo?-iong t? 2011-11-06 h?ng kho?-pih . 2022-05-27 khoaⁿ--e .  
  18. ↑ 第九屆全國人民代表大會常務委員會 (2005-08-31). "中?人民共和??家通用?言文字法" (?ng Hoa-gi). 中華人民共和國政府 . 2016-02-17 khoaⁿ--e .  
  19. ↑ Tiong-hoa Jin-bin Ki?ng-ho-kok Thong-i?ng Gi-gian Bun-j? Hoat . Pak-kiaⁿ: Choan-kok Jin-bin T?i-piau T?i-h?e Siong-b? Ui-oan-h?e . 2000-10-31. (?ng Hoa-gi)
  20. ↑ Language Planning and Policy in Asia, Vol.1: Japan, Nepal and Taiwan and Chinese Characters. Multilingual Matters . 2008年8月7日: 第42頁 [2016年1月24日]. ISBN 978-1847690951 (Eng-gi) .
  21. ↑ "Ethnic Mongolians in China protest removal of traditional language in schools" (?ng Eng-gi). Reuters . 2020-09-02. goan-lo?-iong t? 2021-12-12 h?ng kho?-pih . 2022-05-27 khoaⁿ--e .  
  22. ↑ "China's "Bilingual Education" Policy in Tibet?Tibetan-Medium Schooling Under Threat" (?ng Eng-gi). Human Rights Watch . 2020-03-04. goan-lo?-iong t? 2022-05-26 h?ng kho?-pih . 2022-05-27 khoaⁿ--e .  
  23. ↑ "Poetry, the soul of Uighur culture, on verge of extinction in Xinjiang" . Lily Kuo . The Guadian . 2020-12-06. goan-lo?-iong t? 2022-04-22 h?ng kho?-pih . 2022-05-27 khoaⁿ--e .  
  24. ↑ ??援助???布《中?大?境?基督??和基督徒遭受政府逼迫的2016年度?告》 (?ng Hoa-gi). 2017-03-03. Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2022-04-05 . 2022-05-27 khoaⁿ--e .  

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