Head of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
The
surgeon general of the United States
is the operational head of the
United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
(PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of
public health
in the
federal government of the United States
. The surgeon general's office and staff are known as the
Office of the Surgeon General
(
OSG
), which is housed within the
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health
.
[1]
The U.S. surgeon general is nominated by the
president of the United States
and confirmed by the
Senate
. The surgeon general must be appointed from individuals who are members of the
regular corps
of the
U.S. Public Health Service
and have specialized training or significant experience in public health programs.
[2]
However, there is no time requirement for membership in the Public Health Service before holding the office of the Surgeon General, and nominees traditionally were appointed as members of the Public Health Service and as surgeon general at the same time. The surgeon general serves a four-year term of office and, depending on whether the current
assistant secretary for health
is a
commissioned corps
officer, is either the senior or next-most senior uniformed officer of the commissioned corps,
holding the rank
of
vice admiral
.
[3]
[4]
The current surgeon general is Vice Admiral
Vivek Murthy
.
Responsibilities
[
edit
]
The surgeon general reports to the
assistant secretary for health
(ASH). The ASH may be a four-star
admiral
in the commissioned corps, and serves as the principal advisor to the
secretary of health and human services
on public health and
scientific
issues. The
surgeon general
is the overall head of the commissioned corps, a 6,500-member cadre of uniformed
health professionals
who are on call 24 hours a day and can be dispatched by the secretary of HHS or by the assistant secretary for health in the event of a public health emergency.
The surgeon general is also the ultimate award authority for several public health awards and decorations, the highest of which that can be directly awarded is the
Surgeon General's Medallion
(the highest award bestowed by board action is the
Public Health Service Distinguished Service Medal
). The surgeon general also has many informal duties, such as educating the American public about health issues and advocating healthy lifestyle choices.
The office also periodically issues health warnings. Perhaps the best known example of this is the
surgeon general's warning label
that has been present on all packages of American tobacco cigarettes since 1966.
[5]
A similar health warning has appeared on
alcoholic beverages labels
since 1988.
[6]
History
[
edit
]
In 1798, Congress established the Marine Hospital Fund, a network of hospitals that cared for sick and disabled seamen. The Marine Hospital Fund was reorganized along military lines in 1870 and became the
Marine Hospital Service
?the predecessor to today's
United States Public Health Service
. The service became a separate bureau of the Treasury Department with its own staff, administration, headquarters in Washington, D.C., and the position of supervising surgeon, later surgeon general.
After 141 years under the Treasury Department, the Service came under the Federal Security Agency in 1939, then the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) in 1953, and finally the
United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
.
Prior to 1970, the surgeon general was traditionally selected from career uniformed officers.
[7]
Today, the surgeon general is usually selected from the civilian community, who aligns more closely with the president's political party.
[7]
The office is not a particularly powerful one, and has little direct statutory impact on policy-making, but Surgeons General are often vocal advocates of precedent-setting, far-sighted, unconventional, or even unpopular health policies.
- On January 11, 1964,
Luther Terry
published a landmark
report
saying that smoking may be hazardous to health,
[8]
sparking nationwide anti-smoking efforts. Terry and his committee defined cigarette smoking of nicotine as
not an
addiction
.
The committee itself consisted largely of physicians who themselves smoked. This report went uncorrected for 24 years.
[9]
- In 1986,
C. Everett Koop
's report on AIDS called for some form of AIDS education in the early grades of elementary school, and gave full support for using condoms for disease prevention.
[10]
He also resisted pressure from the
Reagan administration
to report that
abortion
was psychologically harmful to women, stating he believed it was a moral issue rather than one concerning the public health.
- In 1994,
Joycelyn Elders
spoke at a United Nations conference on AIDS. She was asked whether it would be appropriate to promote masturbation as a means of preventing young people from engaging in riskier forms of sexual activity. She replied, "I think that it is part of human sexuality, and perhaps it should be taught."
[11]
Elders also spoke in favor of studying drug legalization. In a reference to the national
abortion
issue, she said, "We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children."
[12]
She was fired by President
Bill Clinton
in December 1994.
The U.S.
Army
,
Navy
, and
Air Force
also have officers overseeing medical matters in their respective services who hold the title
Surgeon General,
of their respective services, while the surgeon general of the United States is surgeon general of the entire country as a whole.
The insignia of the surgeon general, and the USPHS, use the
caduceus
as opposed to the
Rod of Asclepius
.
Service rank
[
edit
]
The surgeon general is a
commissioned officer
in the
U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps
, one of the eight
uniformed services of the United States
, and by law holds the rank of
vice admiral
.
[3]
Officers of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are classified as non-combatants, but can be subjected to the
Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ) and the
Geneva Conventions
when designated by the
commander-in-chief
as a military force or if they are detailed or assigned to work with the
armed forces
. Officers of the commissioned corps, including the surgeon general, wear uniforms that are modeled after uniforms of the
United States Navy
and the
United States Coast Guard
, except that the commissioning devices, buttons, and insignia are unique. Officers in the U.S. Public Health Service wear unique devices that are similar to U.S. Navy staff corps officers (e.g.,
Navy Medical Service Corps
,
Supply Corps
, etc.).
The only surgeon general to actually hold the rank of a four-star
admiral
was
David Satcher
(born 1941, served 1998?2002). This was because he served simultaneously in the positions of surgeon general (three-star) and
assistant secretary for health
(which is a four-star office).
[13]
John Maynard Woodworth
(1837?1879, served 1871?1879), was the first holder of the office as "supervising surgeon."
- Insignia
-
US Public Health Service Collar Device
-
US Public Health Service Cap Device
-
The stars, shoulder boards, and sleeve stripes of the surgeon general
List of surgeons general of the United States
[
edit
]
No.
|
Portrait
|
Name
(Birth?Death)
|
Term of office
|
Appointed by
(term)
|
Ref.
|
Took office
|
Left office
|
Time in office
|
1
|
|
John M. Woodworth
(1837?1879)
|
March 29, 1871
|
March 14, 1879
|
7 years, 350 days
|
Ulysses S. Grant
(1869?1877)
|
|
2
|
|
Commodore
John B. Hamilton
(1847?1898)
|
April 3, 1879
|
June 1, 1891
|
12 years, 59 days
|
Rutherford B. Hayes
(1877?1881)
|
|
3
|
|
Commodore
Walter Wyman
(1848?1911)
|
June 1, 1891
|
November 21, 1911
|
20 years, 173 days
|
Benjamin Harrison
(1889?1893)
|
|
4
|
|
Commodore
Rupert Blue
(1868?1948)
|
January 13, 1912
|
March 3, 1920
|
8 years, 50 days
|
William Howard Taft
(1909?1913)
|
|
5
|
|
Rear Admiral
Hugh S. Cumming
(1869?1948)
|
March 3, 1920
|
January 31, 1936
|
15 years, 334 days
|
Woodrow Wilson
(1913?1921)
|
|
6
|
|
Rear Admiral
Thomas Parran Jr.
(1892?1968)
|
April 6, 1936
|
April 6, 1948
|
12 years, 0 days
|
Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1933?1945)
|
|
7
|
|
Rear Admiral
Leonard A. Scheele
(1907?1993)
|
April 6, 1948
|
August 8, 1956
|
8 years, 124 days
|
Harry S. Truman
(1945?1953)
|
|
8
|
|
Rear Admiral
Leroy E. Burney
(1906?1998)
|
August 8, 1956
|
January 29, 1961
|
4 years, 174 days
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1953?1961)
|
|
9
|
|
Luther Terry
(1911?1985)
|
March 2, 1961
|
October 1, 1965
|
4 years, 213 days
|
John F. Kennedy
(1961?1963)
|
|
10
|
|
William H. Stewart
(1921?2008)
|
October 1, 1965
|
August 1, 1969
|
3 years, 304 days
|
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1963?1969)
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Richard A. Prindle
(
c.
1926?2001)
Acting
|
August 1, 1969
|
December 18, 1969
|
139 days
|
Richard Nixon
(1969?1974)
|
[14]
[15]
|
11
|
|
Jesse L. Steinfeld
(1927?2014)
|
December 18, 1969
|
January 30, 1973
|
3 years, 43 days
|
[16]
[17]
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
S. Paul Ehrlich Jr.
(1932?2005)
Acting
|
January 31, 1973
|
July 13, 1977
|
4 years, 163 days
|
[18]
|
12
|
|
Vice Admiral
Julius B. Richmond
(1916?2008)
|
July 13, 1977
|
January 20, 1981
|
3 years, 191 days
|
Jimmy Carter
(1977?1981)
|
[19]
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
John C. Greene
(1936?2016)
Acting
|
January 21, 1981
|
May 14, 1981
|
113 days
|
Ronald Reagan
(1981?1989)
|
|
?
|
|
Edward Brandt Jr.
(1933?2007)
Acting
|
May 14, 1981
|
January 21, 1982
|
252 days
|
|
13
|
|
Vice Admiral
C. Everett Koop
(1916?2013)
|
January 21, 1982
|
October 1, 1989
|
7 years, 253 days
|
|
?
|
|
Admiral
James O. Mason
(1930?2019)
Acting
|
October 1, 1989
|
March 9, 1990
|
159 days
|
George H. W. Bush
(1989?1993)
|
|
14
|
|
Vice Admiral
Antonia Novello
(born 1944)
|
March 9, 1990
|
June 30, 1993
|
3 years, 113 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Robert A. Whitney
(born 1935)
Acting
|
July 1, 1993
|
September 8, 1993
|
69 days
|
Bill Clinton
(1993?2001)
|
|
15
|
|
Vice Admiral
Joycelyn Elders
(born 1933)
|
September 8, 1993
|
December 31, 1994
|
1 year, 114 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Audrey F. Manley
(born 1934)
Acting
|
January 1, 1995
|
July 1, 1997
|
2 years, 180 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
J. Jarrett Clinton
(1938?2023)
Acting
|
July 2, 1997
|
February 12, 1998
|
226 days
|
|
16
|
|
Admiral
[a]
David Satcher
(born 1941)
|
February 13, 1998
|
February 12, 2002
|
3 years, 364 days
|
[13]
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Kenneth P. Moritsugu
(born 1945)
Acting
|
February 13, 2002
|
August 4, 2002
|
172 days
|
George W. Bush
(2001?2009)
|
|
17
|
|
Vice Admiral
Richard Carmona
(born 1949)
|
August 5, 2002
|
July 31, 2006
|
3 years, 360 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Kenneth P. Moritsugu
(born 1945)
Acting
|
August 1, 2006
|
September 30, 2007
|
1 year, 60 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Steven K. Galson
(born 1956)
Acting
|
October 1, 2007
|
October 1, 2009
|
2 years, 0 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Donald L. Weaver
Acting
|
October 1, 2009
|
November 3, 2009
|
33 days
|
Barack Obama
(2009?2017)
|
|
18
|
|
Vice Admiral
Regina Benjamin
(born 1956)
|
November 3, 2009
|
July 16, 2013
|
3 years, 255 days
|
[20]
[21]
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Boris Lushniak
Acting
|
July 17, 2013
|
December 18, 2014
|
1 year, 154 days
|
|
19
|
|
Vice Admiral
Vivek Murthy
(born 1977)
|
December 18, 2014
|
April 21, 2017
|
2 years, 124 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Sylvia Trent-Adams
(born 1965)
Acting
|
April 21, 2017
|
September 5, 2017
|
137 days
|
Donald Trump
(2017?2021)
|
[22]
|
20
|
|
Vice Admiral
Jerome Adams
(born 1974)
|
September 5, 2017
|
January 20, 2021
|
3 years, 137 days
|
|
?
|
|
Rear Admiral
Susan Orsega
Acting
|
January 20, 2021
|
March 24, 2021
|
62 days
|
Joe Biden
(2021?Present)
|
[23]
|
21
|
|
Vice Admiral
Vivek Murthy
(born 1977)
|
March 25, 2021
|
Present
|
3 years, 45 days
|
|
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Reverted to the rank of vice admiral in 2001, for the remainder of his term as surgeon general, when he no longer held the office of
Assistant Secretary for Health
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
(ASPA), Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (2008-10-24).
"OASH Organization Chart"
.
HHS.gov
. Retrieved
2018-11-19
.
{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
42 U.S.C.
§ 205
- Appointment and tenure of office of Surgeon General; reversion in rank.
- ^
a
b
42 U.S.C.
§ 207
- Grades, ranks, and titles of commissioned corps.
- ^
"Public Health, Commissioned Corps Uniforms and Ranks"
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-05-13.
- ^
"Public Health Information | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company"
.
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
. Archived from
the original
on 2017-08-16
. Retrieved
2017-08-16
.
- ^
"Legislation"
.
depts.washington.edu
. Retrieved
2017-08-16
.
- ^
a
b
Carmona, Richard (2014-11-09).
"Take politics out of selecting surgeon general: Column"
.
USA Today
.
Archived
from the original on 2021-11-25
. Retrieved
2021-11-25
.
- ^
Julie M. Fenster
Archived
2008-08-28 at the
Wayback Machine
"Hazardous to Your Health"
American Heritage,
Oct. 2006.
- ^
Joel Spitzer
.
The Surgeon General says...
WhyQuit.com
. Retrieved
May 22,
2010
.
- ^
Winn, Mari (October 9, 1988).
"The Legacy of Dr. Koop"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
Leon Dash,
"Joycelyn Elders: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America"
,
Washington Monthly
, January?February 1997
- ^
Dreifus, Claudia (9 March 1994).
"Joycelyn Elders"
.
The New York Times
.
- ^
a
b
"David Satcher (1998?2002)"
. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. January 4, 2007. Archived from
the original
on January 6, 2009
. Retrieved
January 22,
2009
.
- ^
"House Panel Bids U.S. Study Marijuana's Use and Effects"
.
The New York Times
. Associated Press. September 7, 1969. p. 62
. Retrieved
22 April
2017
.
- ^
Zielinski, Graeme (September 15, 2001).
"Public Health Researcher Richard Prindle Dies"
.
The Washington Post
. Retrieved
22 April
2017
.
- ^
"Washington: For the Record ? December 18, 1969"
.
The New York Times
. December 19, 1969. p. 7
. Retrieved
22 April
2017
.
- ^
"Jesse Leonard Steinfeld (1969?1973)"
. SurgeonGeneral.gov. 2007-01-04. Archived from
the original
on 2017-12-01
. Retrieved
2014-04-29
.
- ^
U.S. Government Accountability Office
(27 August 1974).
Need for More Effective Management of Community Mental Health Centers Program: National Institute of Mental Health; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
(PDF)
(Report). Archived from
the original
on 6 October 2022.
- ^
"HHS Secretaries"
. National Institutes of Health. Archived from
the original
on 2008-09-24
. Retrieved
2014-04-29
.
- ^
"Obama picks Regina Benjamin as surgeon general"
.
Reuters
. July 13, 2009.
- ^
Stobbe, Mike (December 3, 2009).
"Surgeon general: More minority doctors needed"
.
WTOP
. Retrieved
December 5,
2009
.
- ^
Collier, Andrea King (2017-05-04).
"5 things to know about acting Surgeon General, Sylvia Trent-Adams"
.
NBC News
. Retrieved
2021-01-26
.
- ^
Diamond, Dan (2021-01-25).
"Biden to tap nurse as acting surgeon general"
.
Washington Post
.
ISSN
0190-8286
. Retrieved
2021-01-26
.
External links
[
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]