Senior-most military leaders who advise U.S. executive government
The
Joint Chiefs of Staff
(
JCS
) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the
United States Department of Defense
, which advises the
president of the United States
, the
secretary of defense
, the
Homeland Security Council
and the
National Security Council
on military matters. The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by
statute
and consists of a
chairman
(CJCS), a
vice chairman
(VJCS), the chiefs of the
Army
,
Marine Corps
,
Navy
,
Air Force
,
Space Force
, and the
chief of the National Guard Bureau
.
[1]
[2]
Each of the individual service chiefs, outside their JCS obligations, works directly under the secretaries of their respective military departments, e.g. the
secretary of the Army
, the
secretary of the Navy
, and the
secretary of the Air Force
.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Following the
Goldwater?Nichols Act
in 1986, the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority, either individually or collectively, as the
chain of command
goes from the president to the secretary of defense, and from the secretary to the regional
combatant commanders
.
[7]
Goldwater?Nichols also created the office of vice chairman, and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National Security Council and the president.
[8]
The
Joint Staff
(JS) is a headquarters staff in the
Pentagon
, composed of personnel from each of the six service branches, that assists the chairman and the vice chairman in discharging their responsibilities and is managed by the
director of the Joint Staff
(DJS).
[9]
Role and responsibilities
[
edit
]
After the 1986 reorganization of the
Armed Forces
undertaken by the
Goldwater?Nichols Act
, the Joint Chiefs of Staff does not possess operational authority over troops or other units. Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the
president
to the
secretary of defense
directly to the commanders of the
unified combatant commands
and thus bypasses the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.
Today, their primary responsibility is to ensure personnel readiness, policy, planning and training of their respective services for the combatant commanders to utilize. In addition, the
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
acts as the chief military advisor to the president and the secretary of defense. In this strictly advisory role, the Joint Chiefs constitute the third-highest deliberative body for military policy, after the
National Security Council
and the
Homeland Security Council
, which includes the president and other officials besides the chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
While serving as the chairman or vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, chief of staff of the Army, commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Naval Operations, chief of staff of the Air Force, or commandant of the Coast Guard, the salary is $15,583.20 a month,
[10]
regardless of cumulative years of service completed under section 205 of
title 37
,
United States Code
.
Current members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
[
edit
]
Non-member attendee
[
edit
]
Although it is a branch of the Armed Forces pursuant to
14 U.S.C.
§ 101
, the Coast Guard operates under the
Department of Homeland Security
rather than the
Department of Defense
, except when the president (e.g., in times of war or national emergency) transfers it to the
Department of the Navy
.
[11]
The
commandant of the Coast Guard
is not a
de jure
member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff but is sometimes regarded as a
de facto
member, being entitled to the same supplemental pay as the Joint Chiefs,
[12]
and occasionally will attend meetings of the JCS by invitation.
[13]
Unlike the Joint Chiefs, who are not actually in the military's operational chain of command, the commandant is both the administrative and the operational commander of the Coast Guard.
History
[
edit
]
Joint Board
[
edit
]
As the
U.S. military
grew in size following the
American Civil War
, joint military action between the
Army
and
Navy
became increasingly difficult. The Army and Navy were unsupportive of each other at either the planning or operational level and were constrained by disagreements during the
Spanish?American War
in the
Caribbean
campaigns.
[14]
[15]
The Joint Army and Navy Board was established in 1903 by President
Theodore Roosevelt
, comprising representatives from the military heads and chief planners of both the Navy's
General Board
and the Army's
General Staff
. The Joint Board acting as an "advisory committee" was created to plan joint operations and resolve problems of common
rivalry
between the two services.
[14]
[15]
Yet the Joint Board accomplished little since its charter gave it no authority to enforce its decisions. The Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the
secretaries of war
and
Navy
. As a result, the Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner in which the United States conducted World War I.
After World War I, the two secretaries agreed in 1919 to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board. The mission of the General Staff was to develop plans for mobilization for the next war. In these, the U.S. was always designated "blue" and
potential enemies were assigned various other colors
.
[16]
Now, the Joint Board's membership was to include the chiefs of staff, their deputies, and the chief of war plans division for the Army and the director of plans division for the Navy. Under the Joint Board was to be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the board. Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own initiative. However, the Joint Board still did not possess the legal authority to enforce its decisions.
World War II
[
edit
]
U.S. president
Franklin D. Roosevelt
and British prime minister
Winston Churchill
established the
Combined Chiefs of Staff
(CCS) during the 1942
Arcadia Conference
.
[17]
The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the joint U.S.?UK war effort.
The UK portion of the CCS would be composed of the British
Chiefs of Staff Committee
, but the United States had no equivalent body. The Joint Board's lack of authority made it of little use to the CCS, although its 1935 publication, Joint Action of the Army and Navy, did give some guidance for the joint operations during World War II. The Joint Board had little influence during the war and was ultimately disbanded in 1947.
As a counterpart to the UK's Chiefs of Staff Committee in the CCS, and to provide better-coordinated effort and coordinated staff work for America's military effort,
Admiral
William D. Leahy
proposed a "unified high command" in what would come to be called the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Modeled on the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, the JCS' first formal meeting was held on 9 February 1942, to coordinate operations between War and Navy Departments.
[17]
[18]
The official history of the Army Air Forces noted that although there was "no official charter establishing this committee...by the end of February it had assumed responsibilities toward the American war effort comparable to the CCS on the combined level."
[19]
On 20 July 1942, Admiral Leahy became the "Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief", with all individual service chiefs operating under his authority.
The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were:
[20]
Each of the members of the original Joint Chiefs was a four-star flag or general officer in his service branch. By the end of the war each had been promoted: Leahy and King to
fleet admiral
; Marshall and Arnold to
general of the Army
. Arnold was later appointed to the grade of
general of the Air Force
.
One of the Joint Chiefs of Staff's committees was the Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC). The JSSC, "one of the most influential planning agencies in the wartime armed forces", was an extraordinary JCS committee that existed from 1942 until 1947.
[21]
Members included Lieutenant General
Stanley D. Embick
, U.S. Army, chairman, 1942?1946, Vice Admiral
Russell Willson
, U.S. Navy, 1942?1945, Vice Admiral
Theodore Stark Wilkinson
, U.S. Navy, 1946, and Major General
Muir S. Fairchild
, U.S. Army Air Force, 1942??.
National Security Act of 1947
[
edit
]
With the end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under the
National Security Act of 1947
. Per the National Security Act, the JCS consisted of a chairman, the
chief of staff of the Army
, the
chief of staff of the Air Force
(which was established as a separate service by the same Act), and the
chief of naval operations
. The
commandant of the Marine Corps
was to be consulted on matters concerning the Corps, but was not a regular member; General
Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.
, Commandant in 1952?55, was the first to sit as an occasional member. The law was amended during the term of General
Louis H. Wilson, Jr.
(1975?79), making the commandant a full-time JCS member in parity with the other three DoD services.
The position of vice chairman was created by the
Goldwater?Nichols Act
of 1986 to complement the CJCS, as well as to delegate some of the chairman's responsibilities, particularly resource allocation through the
Joint Requirements Oversight Council
(JROC).
General
Colin L. Powell
(Chairman, 1989?1993) was the first African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff when he became the 12th Chairman of the JCS in 1989. General
Charles Q. Brown Jr.
was the first African American appointed to lead a service branch when he became the Chief of Staff of the Air Force in 2020. On May 25, 2023, President Joe Biden nominated General Brown to become the 21st Chairman of the JCS. General Brown was subsequently confirmed and took up the post of chairman on October 1, 2023. General
Richard B. Myers
(Chairman, 2001?2005) was the first
vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
to serve as
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
. General
Peter Pace
(Vice Chairman 2001?2005; Chairman, 2005?2007) was the first Marine to serve in either position. Admiral
Lisa Franchetti
became the first woman to serve on the JCS when she took over as Chief of Naval Operations on November 2, 2023.
[22]
[23]
National Defense Authorization Act of 2012
[
edit
]
A provision in the
2012 National Defense Authorization Act
added the Chief of the National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Guard historians called it the "most significant development" for the National Guard since the
Militia Act of 1903
.
[1]
National Defense Authorization Act of 2020
[
edit
]
The
2020 National Defense Authorization Act
established the
U.S. Space Force
on 20 December 2019. The Space Force is headed by the chief of space operations, who reports directly to the
secretary of the Air Force
. Pursuant to
10 U.S.C.
§ 9082
, the chief of space operations became a statutory member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 20 December 2020.
[24]
Organization and leadership positions
[
edit
]
Chairman
[
edit
]
The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by law, the highest-ranking military officer of the
United States Armed Forces
,
[25]
and the principal military adviser to the president of the United States. He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, comprising the chairman, the
vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
, the
chief of staff of the United States Army
, the
commandant of the United States Marine Corps
, the
chief of naval operations
, the
chief of staff of the United States Air Force
, the
Chief of Space Operations
(statutory member after December 2020), and the
chief of the National Guard Bureau
. The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in
the Pentagon
. The chairman outranks all service chiefs,
[26]
but does not maintain authority over them, their branches or the
Unified Combatant Commands
.
[26]
All combatant commanders receive their orders directly from the
secretary of defense
.
[27]
On 20 July 1942,
Fleet Admiral
William D. Leahy
became Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief (20 July 1942 ? 21 March 1949). He was not technically the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff". That post was established and first held by General of the Army
Omar Bradley
in 1949.
The current and 21st chairman is General
Charles Q. Brown Jr.
, who began his tenure on 29 September 2023.
Vice Chairman
[
edit
]
The position of
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
was created by the
Goldwater?Nichols Act
of 1986. The vice chairman is a four-star-
general
or
admiral
and, by law, is the second highest-ranking member of the U.S. Armed Forces (after the chairman). In the absence of the chairman, the vice chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He may also perform such duties as the chairman may prescribe. It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full voting member of the JCS.
[28]
The current vice chairman is Admiral
Christopher W. Grady
, who began his tenure on 20 December 2021.
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
[
edit
]
The senior enlisted advisor to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (SEAC) advises on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, development, and helps develop noncommissioned officers related joint professional education, enhance utilization of senior NCOs on joint battle staffs, and support the chairman's responsibilities as directed.
Command Sergeant Major
William Gainey
, was the first SEAC, serving from 1 October 2005. The current SEAC is
Troy E. Black
, who was sworn in by General Charles Q. Brown Jr., chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on 3 November 2023, replacing SEAC
Ramon Colon-Lopez
.
Joint Staff
[
edit
]
The
Joint Staff
(
JS
)
[29]
[30]
is a military headquarters staff based at
The Pentagon
(with offices in
Hampton Roads
, Virginia;
Fort Leavenworth
, Kansas;
Lackland Air Force Base
, Texas;
Fort Belvoir
, Virginia;
Fairchild Air Force Base
, Washington and
Fort McNair
, District of Columbia) composed of personnel from all the six armed services, assisting the chairman and the vice chairman in discharging their responsibilities. They work closely with the
Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD), the military department staffs, and the
Combatant Command
staffs.
The
chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
(CJCS) is assisted by the
director of the Joint Staff
(DJS), a three-star officer who assists the chairman with the management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, the Air Force, the Space Force, and the Coast Guard, who have been assigned to assist the chairman in providing to the
secretary of defense
unified strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, space, and air forces. The director is assisted by the
vice director of the Joint Staff
, a two-star officer.
Former Secretary of Defense
Mark Esper
tasked the Joint Staff with developing a
Joint Warfighting Concept
[JadConcept 1]
for the services by December 2020.
[31]
Developing Joint all-domain command and control (
JADC2
) as a concept
[JadConcept 1]
is a key goal of the
20th
CJCS.
[31]
An
OSD
/Joint Staff
Cross-Functional Team
for
JADC2
is
underway
.
[32]
[33]
Esper ordered the four services and the Joint Staff to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations, operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS).
[34]
The Joint Chiefs and Combatant Commanders witnessed
demonstrations of the concept
in September 2020.
[35]
Organization
[
edit
]
The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies,
intelligence
,
manpower
, communications and logistics functions are translated into action.
[36]
- Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
- Director, Joint Staff ? assists the Chairman in his role as advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense, coordinates and directs activities of the Joint Staff in support of the Chairman, and serves as the staff inspector general.
- Vice Director, Joint Staff
- J1 ? Director, Manpower and Personnel
- J2 ? Director, Intelligence
- J3 ? Director, Operations
- J4 ? Director, Logistics
- J5 ? Director, Strategy, Plans, and Policy
- J6 ? Director, Command, Control, Communications, and Computers / Chief Information Officer
- J7 ? Director, Joint Force Development
- J8 ? Director, Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment
- Director of Management
- Secretary, Joint Staff (SJS) ? overall management and administration of JS actions
- Joint History Office ? record activities of the chairman and the Joint Staff
- Assistant to the Chairman ? oversees matters requiring close personal control by the chairman with particular focus on international relations and politico-military concerns
- Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman (SEAC) ? advisor to the chairman on all matters involving joint and combined total force integration, utilization, health of the force, and joint development for enlisted personnel
Directorates of the Joint Staff
[
edit
]
The Joint Staff includes the following departments where all the planning, policies,
intelligence
,
manpower
, communications and logistics functions are translated into action.
[36]
- DOM ? Directorate of Management
- J1 ? Personnel and Manpower
- J2 ? Intelligence
- J3 ? Operations
- J4 ? Logistics
- J5 ? Strategic Plans and Policy
- J6 ? Command, Control, Communications and Computers/Cyber
[37]
- J7 ? Joint Force Development
- The J-7 is responsible for the six functions of joint force development: Doctrine, Education, Concept Development & Experimentation, Training, Exercises and Lessons Learned.
- J8 ? Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment
Joint Chiefs of Staff: Civilian awards
[
edit
]
The Joint Chiefs may recognize private citizens, organizations or career civilian government employees for significant achievements provided to the joint community with one of the following decorations/awards.
[41]
- CJCS Award for Distinguished Public Service (DPS)
- CJCS Award for Outstanding Public Service (OPS)
- CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
- CJCS Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award
- Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award (JCSCA)
- Joint Civilian Service Achievement Award (JCSAA)
Coast Guard
[
edit
]
Although, as discussed above, the
commandant of the Coast Guard
is not an
ex officio
member of the JCS like the other service chiefs, Coast Guard officers are legally eligible to be appointed as Chairman and Vice Chairman, pursuant to
10 U.S.C.
§ 152(a)(1)
and
10 U.S.C.
§ 154(a)(1)
respectively, which use the collective term "armed forces" rather than listing the eligible services, as well as to other positions on the Joint Staff. As of 2020
[update]
, no Coast Guard officer has been appointed Chairman or Vice Chairman, but Coast Guard officers routinely serve on the JCS staff, including one
vice admiral
who was appointed to serve as J6 in 2016.
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff during its early days in 1949.
-
Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at
The Pentagon
in 1958.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1959.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1961.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1968.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1971.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1977.
-
Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with President-Elect
Jimmy Carter
and Secretary of Defense
Donald Rumsfeld
on December 17, 1976.
-
Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during a cabinet meeting in the White House in 1977
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1981.
-
Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during
President Ronald Reagan
Inaugural Parade
on January 20, 1981.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1983.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1986.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2001.
-
Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff render a salute for the late President
Ronald Reagan
at
Andrews Air Force Base
in 2004.
-
Members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at
Andrews Air Force Base
during a funeral service ceremony for the late President
Gerald Ford
on December 26, 2006.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff at the
Senate Armed Services Committee
testimony in
The Capitol Hill
2010.
-
The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2017.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Top Guard officer joins Joint Chiefs of Staff"
.
Army Times
. 4 January 2012.
- ^
10 USC 151
. Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions
- ^
10 U.S.C.
§3033
Archived
12 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
10 U.S.C.
§5033
Archived
12 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
10 U.S.C.
§5043
Archived
12 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
10 U.S.C.
§8033
Archived
12 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
10 U.S.C.
§162(b)
Archived
29 May 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
10 U.S.C
§151(b)
Archived
12 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
10 U.S.C
§155
Archived
12 March 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"2017 Military Pay Scale"
. Military Factory. May 2017.
- ^
"The Coast Guard: America's Oldest Maritime Defenders | GoCoastGuard.com"
.
www.gocoastguard.com
. Retrieved
22 May
2021
.
- ^
37 U.S.C.
§ 414(a)(5)
? Personal money allowance ($4,000 per annum in 2009)
- ^
Thompson, Mark (4 January 2012).
"The Changing of the Guard"
.
Time
.
ISSN
0040-781X
. Retrieved
22 May
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Millett, Allan R. (1980).
Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps
. New York: Macmillan. p. 269 [para. 2].
ISBN
0-02-921590-0
.
- ^
a
b
"Joint Chiefs of Staff > About > Origin of Joint Concepts"
.
www.jcs.mil
. Retrieved
22 May
2021
.
- ^
Bradley, John H.; Griess, Thomas E.; Dice, Jack W. (2002).
The Second World War: Asia and the Pacific
.
United States Military Academy
, Dept. of History. Square One. p. 26.
ISBN
0-7570-0162-9
.
- ^
a
b
Cline, Ray S. (1990).
United States Army in World War II ? The War Department ? Washington Command Post: The Operations Division; Chapter VI. Organizing The High Command For World War II "Development of the Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff System"
. Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C. pp. 98?104. Archived from
the original
on 11 December 2018
. Retrieved
5 January
2012
.
- ^
Leighton, Richard M.; Robert W Coakley (1995).
United States Army in World War II ? The War Department ? Global Logistics and Strategy 1940?1943
. Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C. p. 144. Archived from
the original
on 11 October 2017
. Retrieved
5 January
2012
.
- ^
Craven, James (1948).
United States Army Air Forces in World War II ? Volume I Plans and Early Operations Jan 1939 ? Aug 1941; Chapter 7. Establishment of the Fundamental Bases of Strategy
(PDF)
. AFHRA, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. p. 254. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 18 October 2016
. Retrieved
15 October
2016
.
- ^
"Washington Eats"
.
Life
. 5 October 1942. p. 95
. Retrieved
20 November
2011
.
- ^
Stoler, Mark A. (1982). "From Continentalism to Globalism: General Stanley D. Embick, the Joint Strategic Survey Committee, and the Military View of American National Policy during the Second World War".
Diplomatic History
.
6
(3): 303?320 [quote at p. 307].
doi
:
10.1111/j.1467-7709.1982.tb00378.x
.
- ^
Ziezulewicz, Geoff (2 November 2023).
"Senate finally confirms Adm. Franchetti as Navy's top officer"
.
Defense News
.
- ^
10 U.S.C.
§ 151
- ^
"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
20 December
2019
.
- ^
[1]
10 USC 152. Chairman: appointment; grade and rank
- ^
a
b
[2]
10 USC 152(c). Chairman: appointment; grade and rank ? Grade and Rank.
- ^
[3]
10 USC 162. Combatant commands: assigned forces; chain of command
- ^
"About the Joint Chiefs"
. Archived from
the original
on 5 July 2006.
- ^
"Joint Doctrine constitutes official advice, however, the judgment of the commander is paramount in all situations." ?Director Joint Force Development (1JAN19)
Joint Electronic Library
- ^
Joint Staff, J-7
(Jan 2020) DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
Archived
18 February 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
Hitchens, Theresa (29 January 2020).
"New Joint Warfighting Plan Will Help Define 'Top Priority' JADC2: Hyten"
.
- ^
Sydney J Freedberg Jr (11 May 2021) Revised JADC2 Strategy Hits DepSecDef's Desk
JADC2 strategy: federate the data fabric
- ^
Hitchens, Theresa (14 November 2019).
"OSD & Joint Staff Grapple With Joint All-Domain Command"
.
- ^
Colin Clark (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations
- "A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
- "forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
- "it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"?Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
- All-Domain Operations use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
- ^
Theresa Hitchens (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2
The acquisition method for several of the capabilities being demonstrated would be indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (ID/IQ), but the decisions to buy would be made by the Combatant Commands. ?Air Force acquisition executive Will Roper
- ^
a
b
jcs.mil
Archived
3 March 2009 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"J6 Page at jcs.mil"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 May 2011.
- ^
Gibson, Tim (2003).
"SIPRNET connectivity: do's and don'ts"
.
Army Communicator
. Archived from
the original
on 17 October 2015.
- ^
"Military Command, Control, Communications, and Computers Executive Board, 23 Apr 2014"
– via Internet Archive.
- ^
"DoD Budget p.33"
(PDF)
.
- ^
[4]
Archived
29 June 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Gillespie, Robert M.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Escalation of the Vietnam Conflict, 1964?1965
. Masters Thesis, Clemson University, 1994.
OCLC
32515894
.
- Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Organizational Development of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942?1987
. Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1988.
- Jordan, Jonathan W.,
American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II
(NAL/Caliber 2015).
- McMaster, H. R.
Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to Vietnam
. New York: HarperCollins, 1997.
- Perry, Mark.
Four Stars: The Inside Story of the Forty-Year Battle Between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders
. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1989,
ISBN
0-395-42923-4
.
- Rearden, Steven L.
History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense
. Two vols. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1984.
- Schnabel, James F.
History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945?1947. Volume I
(
registration required
)
. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
- Taylor, Maxwell D.
The Uncertain Trumpet
. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
- Weiner, Sharon K.
Managing the Military: The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Civil-Military Relations
(Columbia University Press, 2022)
online book review
External links
[
edit
]
This audio file
was created from a revision of this article dated 6 September 2015
(
2015-09-06
)
, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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