First crewed flight of the Soyuz programme
This article is about a 1967 crewed test flight. For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 1, see
Soyuz TM-31
. For other uses, see
Soyuz-1
.
Soyuz 1
(
Russian
:
Союз 1
,
Union 1
) was a crewed spaceflight of the
Soviet space program
. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying
cosmonaut
colonel
Vladimir Komarov
, Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the
Soyuz spacecraft
. The flight was plagued with technical issues, and Komarov was killed when the descent module crashed into the ground due to a parachute failure. This was the first
in-flight fatality
in the
history of spaceflight
.
The original mission plan was complex, involving a
rendezvous
with
Soyuz 2
and an exchange of crew members before returning to
Earth
. However, the launch of Soyuz 2 was called off due to thunderstorms.
Crew
[
edit
]
Backup crew
[
edit
]
Mission parameters
[
edit
]
Background
[
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]
Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the first-generation
Soyuz 7K-OK
spacecraft and
Soyuz rocket
, designed as part of the
Soviet lunar program
. It was the first Soviet crewed spaceflight in over two years, and the first Soviet crewed flight following the death of the Chief Designer of the space programme
Sergei Korolev
. Komarov was launched on Soyuz 1 despite failures of the previous uncrewed tests of the 7K-OK,
Kosmos 133
and
Kosmos 140
. A third attempted test flight was a launch failure; a launch abort triggered a malfunction of the
launch escape system
, causing the rocket to explode on the pad. The escape system successfully pulled the spacecraft to safety.
[3]
According to interviews with Venyamin Russayev, a former
KGB
agent, prior to launch, Soyuz 1 engineers are said to have reported 203 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of
Lenin
's birthday".
[4]
Russayev also claims that
Yuri Gagarin
was the backup pilot for Soyuz 1, and was aware of the design problems and the pressures from the
Politburo
to proceed with the flight. He attempted to "bump" Komarov from the mission, knowing that the Soviet leadership would not risk a national hero on the flight.
[5]
At the same time, Komarov refused to pass on the mission, even though he believed it to be doomed. He explained that he could not risk Gagarin's life.
[5]
Russayev's account, however, has been seen as implausible and exaggerated by most historians of the Soviet space programme.
[6]
Mission planners intended to launch a
second Soyuz flight
the next day carrying cosmonauts
Valery Bykovsky
,
Yevgeny Khrunov
, and
Aleksei Yeliseyev
, with Khrunov and Yeliseyev scheduled to do an
EVA
over to Soyuz 1.
Mission details
[
edit
]
Soyuz 1 was launched on 23 April 1967 at 00:32 GMT from
Baikonur Cosmodrome
carrying Komarov, the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly in space twice, in the 7K-OK No. 4 capsule.
[7]
Problems began shortly after launch when one solar panel failed to unfold, leading to a shortage of power for the spacecraft's systems. Further problems with the orientation detectors complicated manoeuvring the craft. By orbit 13, the automatic stabilisation system was completely dead, and the manual system was only partially effective.
The crew of Soyuz 2 modified their mission goals, preparing themselves for a launch that would include fixing the solar panel of Soyuz 1. However, that night, thunderstorms at Baikonur affected the booster's electrical system, causing the mission to be called off.
[8]
As a result of Komarov's report during the 13th orbit, the
flight director
decided to abort the mission. After 18 orbits, Soyuz 1 fired its
retrorockets
and
reentered
the
Earth's atmosphere
. Despite the technical difficulties up to that point, Komarov might still have landed safely. A few minutes before the tragedy, Komarov maintained radio contact with Gagarin, in particular, stating: "The engine was running for 146 seconds. Everything is going fine. Everything is going fine! The ship was oriented correctly. I am in the middle chair. Tied with straps."
[9]
To slow the descent, first the
drogue parachute
was deployed, followed by the main parachute. However, due to a defect, the main parachute did not unfold; the exact reason for the main parachute malfunction is disputed.
[10]
[11]
Komarov then activated the manually deployed reserve chute, but it became tangled with the drogue chute, which did not release as intended. As a result, the
Soyuz descent module
fell to Earth in
Orenburg Oblast
almost entirely unimpeded, at about 40 m/s (140 km/h; 89 mph). A rescue helicopter spotted the descent module lying on its side with the parachute spread across the ground on fire. The retrorockets then started firing which concerned the rescuers since they were supposed to activate a few moments prior to touchdown. By the time they landed and approached, the descent module was in flames with black smoke filling the air and streams of molten metal dripping from the exterior. The entire base of the capsule burned through. By this point, it was obvious that Komarov had not survived, but there was no code signal for a cosmonaut's death, so the rescuers fired a signal flare calling for medical assistance. Another group of rescuers in an aircraft then arrived and attempted to extinguish the blazing spacecraft with portable fire extinguishers. This proved insufficient and they instead began using shovels to throw dirt onto it. The descent module then completely disintegrated, leaving only a pile of debris topped by the entry hatch. When the fire at last ended, the rescuers were able to dig through the rubble to find Komarov strapped into the center couch, his body had turned into charred clothing and flesh. Doctors pronounced the cause of death to be from multiple blunt-force injuries. The body was transported to Moscow for an official autopsy in a military hospital where the cause of death was verified to match the field doctors' conclusions.
The Soyuz 1 crash site coordinates are
51°21′39″N
59°33′45″E
/
51.3609°N 59.5624°E
/
51.3609; 59.5624
, which is 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Karabutak, about 275 km (171 mi) east-southeast of
Orenburg
. There is a memorial monument at the site in the form of a black column with a bust of Komarov at the top, in a small park on the roadside.
[2]
[12]
[13]
Posthumously, Komarov was named a
Hero of the Soviet Union
for the second time, and awarded the
Order of Lenin
. He was given a
state funeral
, and his ashes were interred in the
Kremlin Wall Necropolis
at
Red Square
, Moscow.
[4]
Eight years after Komarov's death, a story began circulating that Komarov cursed the engineers and flight staff, and spoke to his wife as he descended,
[14]
and these transmissions were received by an
NSA
listening station near
Istanbul
.
[15]
Historians such as
Asif Azam Siddiqi
regard this to be untrue.
[15]
[16]
Komarov final recorded words appear to have been a conversation with a tracking station located near
Simferopol
on the topic of the separation of the Soyuz modules just before reentry.
[17]
With the final message received being "Спасибо, передайте всем Произошло" ("Thank you, tell everyone it happened") [Garbled].
[17]
[18]
Legacy
[
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]
The Soyuz 1 tragedy delayed the launch of
Soyuz 2
and
Soyuz 3
until 25 October 1968. This 18-month gap, with the addition of the explosion of an uncrewed
N-1 rocket
on 3 July 1969, scuttled Soviet plans of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon. The original mission of Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 was ultimately achieved by
Soyuz 4
and
Soyuz 5
.
A much improved Soyuz programme emerged from this eighteen-month delay, mirroring the improvements made in the
Apollo program
after the
Apollo 1
tragedy. Although it failed to reach the
Moon
, the Soyuz went on to be repurposed from the centrepiece of the
Zond lunar program
to the people-carrier of the
Salyut
space station program, the
Mir
space station, and the
International Space Station
. Although it suffered another tragedy with the
Soyuz 11
accident in 1971, and went through several incidents with non-fatal launch aborts and landing mishaps, it has become one of the longest-lived and most dependable crewed spacecraft yet designed.
Komarov is commemorated in two memorials left on the lunar surface: one left at
Tranquility Base
by
Apollo 11
,
[19]
and the
Fallen Astronaut
statue and plaque left by
Apollo 15
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Baikonur LC1"
. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
the original
on 15 April 2009
. Retrieved
4 March
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Google Maps ? Soyuz 1 Crash Site ? Memorial Monument Photo"
. Retrieved
25 December
2010
.
- ^
Part 1 ? Soyuz
in
Mir Hardware Heritage
by David S. F. Portree.
- ^
a
b
"24 April 1967: Russian cosmonaut dies in space crash"
.
On This Day
. BBC. 24 April 1967
. Retrieved
15 April
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth "Crying In Rage": Krulwich Wonders..."
NPR.org. 18 March 2011
. Retrieved
9 April
2012
.
- ^
"A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold"
. NPR.org. 11 May 2011
. Retrieved
11 May
2012
.
- ^
Final decision to launch Soyuz-1
wonderdome.co.uk
, accessed 26 December 2022
- ^
French, Francis and Burgess, Colin. "In the Shadow of the Moon". University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 177
- ^
Трагедия ≪Союза-1≫: Почему разбился космонавт Владимир Комаров
. In Russian
- ^
"The Red Stuff"
.
friends-partners.org
. 24 October 2000. Archived from
the original
on 17 March 2014
. Retrieved
9 April
2012
.
- ^
"The Soyuz-1 accident investigation"
. Retrieved
5 January
2015
.
- ^
"Google Maps ? Soyuz 1 Crash Site ? Memorial Monument Location"
. Retrieved
25 December
2010
.
- ^
"Google Maps ? Soyuz 1 Crash Site ? Memorial Monument Photo closeup"
. Retrieved
25 December
2010
.
- ^
"Soyuz 1"
. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
the original
on 20 August 2016
. Retrieved
15 April
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Krulwich, Robert (5 May 2011).
"A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold"
.
npr.org
. Archived from
the original
on 3 May 2019.
- ^
French, Francis and Burgess, Colin. "In the Shadow of the Moon". University of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 181
- ^
a
b
Siddiqi, Asif
(2020).
Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes
. SpaceHistory101.com Press. pp. 36?37.
ISBN
9781887022958
.
- ^
Siddiqi, Asif
(2020).
Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes
. SpaceHistory101.com Press. p. 73.
ISBN
9781887022958
.
- ^
Aldrin, Buzz; McConnell, Malcolm (1989).
Men from Earth
. Bantam.
ISBN
978-0-553-05374-6
.
External links
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]
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