U.S. DoD combat support agency
The
Defense Intelligence Agency
(
DIA
) is an
intelligence agency
and
combat support agency
of the
United States Department of Defense
, specializing in defense and
military intelligence
.
A component of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the
Intelligence Community
(IC), DIA informs national civilian and defense policymakers about the military intentions and capabilities of foreign governments and
non-state actors
. It also provides intelligence assistance, integration and coordination across uniformed
military service intelligence components
, which remain structurally separate from DIA.
[4]
The agency's role encompasses the collection and analysis of military-related foreign political, economic, industrial, geographic, and
medical and health intelligence
.
[5]
DIA produces approximately one-quarter of all intelligence content that goes into the
President's Daily Brief
.
[6]
DIA's intelligence operations extend beyond the zones of combat, and approximately half of its employees serve overseas at hundreds of locations and in U.S. embassies in 140 countries.
[7]
The agency specializes in the collection and analysis of human-source intelligence (HUMINT), both overt and
clandestine
, while also handling U.S.
military-diplomatic relations
abroad.
[8]
DIA concurrently serves as the national manager for the highly technical
measurement and signature intelligence
(MASINT) and as the Defense Department manager for counterintelligence programs. The agency has no
law enforcement
authority, contrary to occasional portrayals in American popular culture.
DIA is a national-level intelligence organization that does not belong to a single military element or within the traditional
chain of command
, instead answering to the
Secretary of Defense
directly through the
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
. Three-quarters of the agency's 17,000 employees are career civilians who are experts in various fields of defense and military interest or application;
[9]
[10]
and although no military background is required, 48% of agency employees have some past military service.
[11]
DIA has a tradition of marking
unclassified
deaths of its employees on the organization's
Memorial Wall
.
Established in 1961 under President
John F. Kennedy
by Defense Secretary
Robert McNamara
, DIA was involved in U.S. intelligence efforts throughout the
Cold War
and rapidly expanded, both in size and scope, after the
September 11 attacks
. Because of the sensitive nature of its work, the spy organization has been embroiled in numerous controversies, including those related to its intelligence-gathering activities, to its role in
torture
, as well as to attempts to expand its activities on U.S. soil.
[
citation needed
]
Overview
[
edit
]
The
Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency
is an intelligence officer who is nominated by the
President
and confirmed by the
Senate
. He or she is the primary intelligence adviser to the
Secretary of Defense
and also answers to the
Director of National Intelligence
. The Director is also the Commander of the
Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
, a subordinate command of
United States Strategic Command
, which is headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska. Additionally, he or she chairs the
Military Intelligence Board
, which coordinates activities of the entire
defense intelligence community
.
[12]
The 450,000 sq ft (42,000 m
2
) south wing of
DIA HQ
(left), one of DIA's 24/7 watch centers (right)
DIA is
headquartered
in
Washington, D.C.
, on
Joint Base Anacostia?Bolling
with major operational activities at
the Pentagon
and at each
Unified Combatant Command
, as well as in more than a hundred
U.S. embassies
around the world, where it deploys alongside other government partners (e.g., the CIA) and also operates the
U.S. Defense Attache Offices
.
[13]
Additionally, the agency has staff deployed at the Col. James N. Rowe Building at Rivanna Station in
Charlottesville, Virginia
,
National Center for Medical Intelligence
(NCMI) in
Fort Detrick
, Maryland,
Missile and Space Intelligence Center
(MSIC) in
Huntsville, Alabama
, Russell-Knox Building on
Marine Corps Base Quantico
, National Center for Credibility Assessment at
Fort Jackson, South Carolina
, and Defense Intelligence Support Center (DISC) in
Reston, Virginia
. DIA also recently completed the renovation of
Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda
in Maryland, which serves as the new location of the
National Intelligence University
as well as a facility for DIA and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
[14]
[15]
Less known than its
civilian equivalent
or its
cryptologic counterpart
,
[16]
DIA and its personnel have at times been portrayed in works of
American popular culture
. As with other U.S. foreign intelligence organizations, the agency's role has occasionally been confused with those of
law enforcement
agencies. DIA's parent organization, the Department of Defense, features in fiction and media much more prominently due to the public's greater awareness of its existence and the general association of military organizations with
warfare
, rather than spycraft.
DIA and the
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) are distinct organizations with different functions. DIA focuses on national level defense-military topics, while CIA is concentrated on broader, more general intelligence needs of the President and
Cabinet
. Additionally, due to DIA's designation as a
combat support agency
, it has special responsibilities in meeting intelligence requirements specifically for the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Combatant Commanders, both in peace and at war. Although there are misconceptions in the media and public about the DIA?CIA rivalry, the two agencies have a mutually beneficial relationship and
division of labor
. According to a former senior U.S official who worked with both agencies, "the CIA doesn't want to be looking for surface-to-air missiles in
Libya
" while it is also tasked with evaluating the Syrian opposition.
[8]
CIA and DIA Operations Officers all go through the same type of clandestine training at
Camp Peary
, an interagency Defense installation under CIA administration better known in popular culture by its CIA nickname "The Farm".
[8]
DIA and the military services
[
edit
]
DIA is not a collective of all U.S. military intelligence units and the work it performs is not in lieu of that falling under intelligence components of individual
services
. Unlike the Russian
GRU
, which encompasses equivalents of nearly all joint U.S. military intelligence operations, DIA assists and coordinates the activities of individual service-level intelligence units (i.e.
25 AF
,
INSCOM
, etc.), but they nevertheless remain separate entities. As a general rule, DIA handles national-level, long-term and strategic intelligence needs, whereas service-level intelligence components handle tactical, short-term goals pertinent to their respective services.
[17]
DIA does, however, lead coordination efforts with the military intelligence units and with the national DOD intelligence services (
NSA
,
NGA
,
NRO
) in its role as chair of the Military Intelligence Board and through the co-located
Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
.
The Military Intelligence Integrated Database (MIDB) is due to be replaced by the Machine-Assisted Analytic Rapid-Repository System (MARS) beginning in spring 2024.
[18]
[19]
Organization
[
edit
]
DIA is organized into four directorates and five regional centers
[20]
Directorate for Operations:
- Defense Clandestine Service
(DCS):
DCS conducts
clandestine
espionage
activities around the world and is the executive agent for human intelligence operations throughout the Department of Defense.
[21]
Staffed by civilian and
military
personnel, the DCS is a consolidation of the former Defense Human Intelligence Service and works in conjunction with the
Central Intelligence Agency's
Directorate of Operations
, among other national HUMINT entities. It globally deploys teams of case officers, interrogation experts, field analysts, linguists, technical specialists, and special operations forces.
[22]
- Defense Attache System
(DAS):
DAS represents the
United States
in defense and military-diplomatic relations with foreign governments worldwide. It also manages and conducts overt
human intelligence
collection activities. Defense Attaches serve from Defense Attache Offices (DAO) co-located at more than a hundred
United States Embassies
in foreign nations, represent the Secretary of Defense in diplomatic relations with foreign governments and militaries, and coordinate military activities with partner nations.
- Defense Cover Office (DCO):
DCO is a DIA component responsible for executing cover programs for agency's intelligence officers, as well as those for the entire Department of Defense.
[23]
[24]
[25]
Directorate for Analysis:
The Directorate of Analysis manages the all-source analysis elements of DIA, and is responsible for developing and deploying analytic tradecraft throughout the Defense Intelligence Enterprise. Analysts analyze and disseminate finalized intelligence products, focusing on national, strategic and operational-level military issues that may arise from worldwide political, economic, medical,
natural
or other related processes. Analysts contribute to the
President's Daily Brief
and the
National Intelligence Estimates
. Analysts serve DIA in all of the agency's facilities and DIA has the most forward deployed analysts in the Intelligence Community.
[26]
Directorate for Science and Technology:
The Directorate for Science and Technology manages DIA's technical assets and personnel. These assets gather and analyze
Measurement and Signature Intelligence
, which is a technical intelligence discipline that serves to detect, track, identify or describe the signatures (distinctive characteristics) of fixed or dynamic target sources. This often includes radar intelligence, acoustic intelligence, nuclear intelligence, and chemical and biological intelligence. DIA is designated the national manager for
MASINT
collection within the
United States Intelligence Community
, coordinating all MASINT gathering across agencies. DIA is also the national manager of the
Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
(JWICS), the central
Top Secret
/
Sensitive Compartmented Information
(TS/SCI) processing network for the United States, and
Stone Ghost
, a network for US and partner nations.
[27]
Directorate for Mission Services:
The Directorate for Mission Services provides administrative, technical, and programmatic support to the agency's domestic and global operations and analytic efforts. The Directorate also manages DIA's training centers -- the
Joint Military Intelligence Training Center
and the
Joint Military Attache School
. This includes providing counterintelligence to the agency as well as serving as the counterintelligence executive agent for the Department of Defense.
Centers:
DIA is divided into five regional centers and two functional center which manage the agency's efforts in these areas of responsibility. These centers are the Americas and Transnational Threats Center, the Indo-Pacific Regional Center, the Europe/Eurasia Regional Center, the Middle East/Africa Regional Center, the China Mission Group, the Defense Resources and Infrastructure Center, and the Defense Combating Terrorism Center. DIA also manages Community-wide centers such as the
National Center for Medical Intelligence
, the
Missile and Space Intelligence Center
, the
National Media Exploitation Center
, and the Underground Facilities Analysis Center (UFAC).
Further, DIA is responsible for administering the
JIOCEUR
and various
Joint Intelligence Centers
which serve and are co-located with each of the
Unified Combatant Commands
. Additionally, DIA manages the
Directorate for Intelligence, Joint Staff
(J2) which advises and supports the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
with foreign
military intelligence
for defense policy and war planning.
DIA also managed the
National Intelligence University
(NIU) on behalf of the Intelligence Community before transitioning it to ODNI in June 2021. NIU and the
John T. Hughes
Library is housed at the Intelligence Community campus in
Bethesda, Maryland
and has several branch campuses at
RAF Molesworth
,
MacDill Air Force Base
, and
Marine Corps Base Quantico
as well as academic programs at the
NSA
and
NGA
.
[28]
DIA Police
[
edit
]
The DIA has its own police force (established in 1963), made up of federal officers who protect DIA people and property. DIA Police provide law enforcement and police services, emergency response and physical security at DIA campuses.
[29]
DIA Police have 170 sworn, uniformed officers that protect and police the six DIA sites (Headquarters, Reston, Charlottesville, DIA Logistics Operation Center, National Center for Medical Intelligence and Missile and Space Intelligence Center).
[29]
DIA Police has 26 Special Agents that carry out security investigations.
[29]
Training
[
edit
]
DIA Police Officers are trained at the
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
for three months before being certified.
[29]
Authority
[
edit
]
DIA Police operate under the U.S. Marshal's Office Special Deputation and jurisdictional and functional authority within the
District of Columbia
under a cooperative agreement with the
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
.
[29]
Rank structure and organization
[
edit
]
DIA Police have the following rank structure:
- Officer
- Special Agent (investigations)
- Sergeant
- Captain
DIA Police have K9, HAZMAT, SRT and also support DIA field operations.
[29]
History
[
edit
]
From
World War II
until the creation of DIA in 1961, the three Military Departments collected, produced and distributed their intelligence for individual use. This turned out to be duplicative, costly, and ineffective as each department provided their own, often conflicting estimates to the
Secretary of Defense
and other Federal agencies.
[30]
While the
Defense Reorganization Act of 1958
aimed to correct these deficiencies, the intelligence responsibilities remained unclear, the coordination was poor and the results fell short of national reliability and focus. As a result of this poor organization, President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
appointed the Joint Study Group in 1960 to find better ways for organizing the nation's
military intelligence
activities.
[30]
Acting on the recommendations of the Joint Study Group, Defense Secretary
Robert S. McNamara
advised the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
(JCS) of his decision to establish the DIA in February 1961. He ordered them to develop a plan that would integrate all the military intelligence of the DoD, a move that met strong resistance from the service intelligence units, whose commanders viewed DIA as undesirable encroachment on their turf. Despite this resistance, during the spring and summer of 1961, as
Cold War
tensions flared over the
Berlin Wall
,
Air Force
Lieutenant General
Joseph Carroll
took the lead in planning and organizing this new agency. The JCS published Directive 5105.21, "Defense Intelligence Agency" on August 1, and DIA began operations with a handful of employees in borrowed office space on October 1, 1961.
[30]
DIA originally reported to the Secretary through the JCS. The new agency's mission was the continuous task of collecting, processing, evaluating, analyzing, integrating, producing, and disseminating military intelligence for DoD and related national stakeholders. Other objectives included more efficiently allocating scarce intelligence resources, more effectively managing all DoD intelligence activities, and eliminating redundancies in facilities, organizations, and tasks.
[30]
DIA begins operation
[
edit
]
Following DIA's establishment, the Services reluctantly transferred intelligence functions and resources to it on a time-phased basis to avoid rapidly degrading the overall effectiveness of defense intelligence. A year after its formation, in October 1962, the agency faced its first major intelligence test during the superpower
Cuban Missile Crisis
confrontation that developed after
Soviet
missiles were discovered at bases in
Cuba
by Air Force spy planes.
[30]
In late 1962, DIA established the Defense Intelligence School (now the
National Intelligence University
), and on January 1, 1963, it activated a new Production Center. Several Service elements were merged to form this production facility, which occupied the "A" and "B" Buildings at
Arlington Hall Station
,
Virginia
.
[30]
The agency also added an Automated Data Processing (ADP) Center on February 19, a Dissemination Center on March 31, and a Scientific and Technical Intelligence Directorate on April 30, 1963. DIA assumed the staff support functions of the J-2, Joint Staff, on July 1, 1963. Two years later, on July 1, 1965, DIA accepted responsibility for the
Defense Attache System
?the last function the Services transferred to DIA.
[30]
During the 1960s, DIA analysts focused on China's detonation of an
atomic bomb
and the launching of its
Cultural Revolution
; increasing unrest among
African
and
South Asian
nations; fighting in
Cyprus
and
Kashmir
; and the
missile gap
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. In the late 1960s, crises that tested intelligence responsiveness included: the
Tet Offensive
in
Vietnam
; the
Six-Day War
between
Egypt
and
Israel
; continuing troubles in Africa, particularly
Nigeria
;
North Korea
's seizure of the
USS
Pueblo
; and the
Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
.
[30]
Years of transition
[
edit
]
The early 1970s were transitional years as the agency shifted its focus from consolidating its functions to establishing itself as a credible producer of national-level intelligence. This proved difficult at first since sweeping manpower decrements between 1968 and 1975 had reduced agency manpower by 31 percent and precipitated mission reductions and a broad organizational restructuring. Challenges facing DIA at this time included the rise of
Ostpolitik
in Germany; the emergence of the
Palestine Liberation Organization
in the
Middle East
; and the
U.S. incursion into Cambodia from South Vietnam
.
[30]
The agency's reputation grew considerably by the mid-1970s, as decision makers increasingly recognized the value of its products. Agency analysts in 1972 concentrated on
Lebanon
, President
Richard Nixon
's
visit to China
, the
1973 Chilean coup d'etat
, the formation of
Sri Lanka
, and the
prisoners of war
being held in Southeast Asia. Subsequent challenges involved:
detente
; the development of arms control agreements; the
Paris peace talks
(Vietnam); the
Yom Kippur War
; and global energy concerns.
[30]
Intense Congressional review during 1975?76 created turbulence within the Intelligence Community. The Murphy and
Rockefeller Commission
investigations of charges of intelligence abuse ultimately led to an Executive Order that modified many Intelligence Community functions. At the same time, with U.S. involvement in Vietnam ending, defense intelligence faced a significant decline in resources. During this period, DIA conducted numerous studies on ways of improving its intelligence products. Despite these and other Community-wide efforts to improve intelligence support, the loss of resources during the 1970s limited the Community's ability to collect and produce timely intelligence and ultimately contributed to intelligence shortcomings in
Iran
,
Afghanistan
, and other strategic areas.
[30]
Special DIA task forces were set up to monitor crises such as the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
, the
overthrow of Iranian monarchy
, and the
taking of American hostages from the U.S. embassy in Tehran in 1979
. Also, of serious concern were the
Vietnamese takeover in Phnom Penh
, the
China?Vietnam border war
, the
overthrow of Idi Amin in Uganda
, the north?south
Yemen
dispute, troubles in
Pakistan
,
border clashes between Libya and Egypt
, the
Sandinista
takeover in
Nicaragua
, and the Soviet movement of combat troops to Cuba during the signing of the
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II
.
[30]
Following the promulgation in 1979 of
Executive Order 12036
, which restructured the Intelligence Community and better outlined DIA's national and departmental responsibilities, the agency was reorganized around five major directorates: production, operations, resources, external affairs, and J-2 support.
1980s
[
edit
]
By the 1980s, DIA had transformed into a fully integrated national-level intelligence agency. Its 1981 flagship publication
Soviet Military Power
, the most comprehensive overview of Soviet military strength and capabilities at the time, was met with wide acclaim; SMP continued to be produced by DIA as a serialized publication roughly over the next decade. In 1983, in order to research the flow of technology to the Soviet Union, the
Reagan Administration
created
Project Socrates
within the agency. Over the following years Project Socrates's scope broadened to include monitoring of foreign advanced technology as a whole. Project Socrates ended in 1990 with Michael Sekora, the project's director, leaving in protest when the Bush Administration reduced funding.
[
citation needed
]
In 1984, the Clandestine Services organization, designated STAR WATCHER, was created under DIA with the mission of conducting intelligence collection on perceived areas of conflict and against potential adversaries in developing countries. A critical objective was to create a Joint Services career path for case officers, since individual Services were inconsistent in their support of clandestine operations, and case officers were routinely sacrificed during reductions in force. Ultimately, the organization was created to balance CIA's espionage operations which primarily targeted Soviet
KGB
/
GRU
officers, but ignored and were dismissive of Third World targets in areas of potential military conflict.
[30]
Although there were previous attempts to establish such a DoD level espionage organization, there was no authorization document by which it could be established. This changed when Gregory Davis, a military intelligence officer, defined and established a clandestine services program under the
U.S. Southern Command
's "Plan Green". The program was then authorized by JCS Chairman John Vessey, and sanctioned by the
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
("SSCI"), with the sponsorship of Senator
Jesse Helms
(R-NC) and Senator
Barry Goldwater
(R-AZ). The
Goldwater?Nichols DoD Reorganization Act
was crafted partly to force military officers to serve in a Joint Services assignment in order to qualify for flag rank?ensuring the future of case officers from each Service. The clandestine organization within DIA grew and flourished, and was cited by the SSCI for its intelligence achievements. Personnel selection and training were rigorous, and the case officers were notable for their advanced educations, area knowledge, and multilingual capabilities. The program was partially gutted under President
Bill Clinton
as he foresaw no conflict which would justify its existence, but, it was resurrected under President
George W. Bush
.
[30]
Designated a
combat support agency
under the Goldwater?Nichols Act, DIA moved to increase cooperation with the Unified & Specified Commands and to begin developing a body of joint intelligence doctrine. Intelligence support to U.S. allies in the
Middle East
intensified as the Iran?Iraq War spilled into the
Persian Gulf
. DIA provided significant intelligence support to
Operation Earnest Will
while closely monitoring incidents such as the Iraqi rocket attack on the
USS
Stark
, the destruction of Iranian oil platforms, and Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti oil tankers. The
"Toyota War" between Libya and Chad
and the turmoil in
Haiti
added to DIA's heavy production workload, as did unrest in other parts of
Latin America
,
Somalia
,
Ethiopia
,
Burma
,
Pakistan
, and the
Philippines
.
[30]
Post?Cold War transformation
[
edit
]
With the end of the Cold War, defense intelligence began a period of reevaluation following the fall of the Soviet system in many Eastern European countries, the
reunification of Germany
, and ongoing economic reforms in the region. In response to
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990
, DIA set up an extensive, 24-hour, crisis management cell designed to tailor national-level intelligence support to the coalition forces assembled to expel
Iraq
from
Kuwait
.
By the time
Operation Desert Storm
began, some 2,000 agency personnel were involved in the intelligence support effort. Most of them associated in some way with the national-level
Joint Intelligence Center
(JIC), which DIA established at
The Pentagon
to integrate the intelligence being produced throughout the Community. DIA sent more than 100 employees into the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations to provide intelligence support.
The
Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center
(AFMIC), and the
Missile and Space Intelligence Center
(MSIC), associated with the Army for over 20 and 50 years respectively, became part of DIA in January 1992. This was part of the continuing effort to consolidate intelligence production and make it more efficient.
[30]
On September 11, 2001, seven DIA employees lost their lives
[31]
along with 118 other victims at the Pentagon in a
terrorist attack
when
American Airlines Flight 77
piloted by five
Al-Qaeda
hijackers
plowed into the western side of the building, as part of the
September 11 attacks
. The death of seven employees at once was the largest combined loss in DIA's history. On September 11, 2009, DIA dedicated a memorial to the seven employees lost in the terrorist attacks on the Pentagon. The memorial is located in the garden at the Defense Intelligence Agency Analysis Center in Washington, D.C.
[31]
Since the September 11 attacks, DIA has been active in
nuclear proliferation
intelligence collection and analysis with particular interests in
North Korea
and
Iran
as well as
counter-terrorism
. DIA was also involved with the intelligence build-up to the
invasion of Iraq
in 2003 and was a subject in the
Senate Report of Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq
. After the invasion, DIA led the
Iraq Survey Group
to find the alleged
Weapons of Mass Destruction
. The agency has conflicted with the CIA in collection and analysis on the existence of
weapons of mass destruction
in
Iraq
and has often represented the Pentagon in the CIA?DoD intelligence rivalry due to DIA's own
Clandestine HUMINT
collection.
[30]
In 2012, DIA announced an expansion of clandestine collection efforts. The newly consolidated
Defense Clandestine Service
(DCS) would absorb the Defense HUMINT Service and expand DIA's overseas espionage apparatus to complement the work of corresponding elements at CIA. DCS would focus on military intelligence concerns?issues that the CIA has been unable to manage due to lack of personnel, expertise or time?and would initially deal with Islamist militia groups in Africa, weapons transfers between North Korea and Iran, and Chinese military modernization. The DCS works in conjunction with CIA's
Directorate of Operations
and the
Joint Special Operations Command
in overseas operations.
[32]
In October 2015, the Pentagon said that DIA appointed a British
Royal Air Force
officer as its first deputy director in charge of improving integration between U.S. intelligence units and spy agencies of other English-speaking countries in the
Five Eyes
alliance. This was the first time that a foreign national was appointed to a senior position at a U.S. intelligence agency.
[33]
[34]
Today, corporations carry out a large amount of DIA's workload. In fiscal year 2020 alone, such activity included work in DIA's Science & Technology Directorate,
[35]
National Media Exploitation Center,
[36]
and Missile & Space Intelligence Center.
[37]
Corporations also worked on technology transfer analysis and assessments at DIA's Charlottesville branch,
[38]
planned and analyzed DIA's workforce,
[39]
carried out technical support,
[40]
and conducted polygraph examinations and background investigations.
[41]
Employment requirements and polygraph
[
edit
]
Due to the sensitive nature of DIA's work, all of its personnel, including
interns
and contractors, are subject to the same security standards and must obtain a
Top Secret clearance
with
Sensitive Compartmented Information
(TS/SCI) access.
[42]
Collateral
Top Secret clearances granted by the DoD are not sufficient to grant access to DIA's SCI information. Additionally, the SCI access granted by other intelligence agencies, such as
CIA
or
NSA
, do not transfer to DIA and vice versa.
In addition to the rigorous background investigations, psychological and drug screening, as well as security interviews, DIA requires that its applicants pass the agency
polygraph
. In fact, DIA exercises operational control over the National Center for Credibility Assessment (NCCA), which establishes polygraphing standards and trains polygraphers for placement across the entire intelligence community. In 2008, the agency started expanding its polygraph program in an attempt to screen 5,700 prospective and current employees every year.
[43]
This was a several fold increase from 2002 when, according to information provided to Congress, DIA conducted 1,345 polygraphs. According to the unclassified DIA document cited in the news report, since the mid-2000s the agency started hiring contract polygraphers in addition to the permanent DIA polygraphers and added 13 polygraphing studios to those the spy organization already operated. This expanded polygraph screening at DIA continued notwithstanding documented technical problems discovered in the Lafayette computerized polygraph system used by the agency; the organization allegedly refused to change the flawed Lafayette polygraph but declined to comment as to the reasoning.
[44]
Unlike the CIA and NSA polygraphs, DIA
polygraphs
are only of Counterintelligence Scope (CI), rather than Full Scope (FS) (also known as Expanded Scope Screening or ESS), which is ostensibly more intrusive as far as one's personal life is concerned. DIA administered only a handful of FS polygraphs and only for those personnel who were to be detailed to the CIA. Additionally, DIA conducted a handful of FS polygraphs on its personnel remaining overseas in excess of 6.5 years, although this practice appeared to be outside the scope of DIA's authorization at the time.
[45]
Like with other intelligence agencies, failing to pass the DIA polygraph is a virtual guarantee that an applicant will be judged unsuitable for agency employment. In fact, according to a report published by the
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense of Intelligence
, while the usually more stringent NSA is willing to give its applicants several shots at passing the polygraph, DIA tends to give one or at most two opportunities to clear the test, after which the employment offer is rescinded.
[46]
The same report recommended that DIA seek permanent authority to conduct more intrusive Expanded Scope Screenings due to their supposed usefulness in eliciting admissions from applicants.
[47]
Similarly to other intelligence agencies, employees are required to take periodic polygraph examinations throughout their careers. However, no unfavorable administrative actions will be taken against them based solely on their results.
[48]
Budget and personnel
[
edit
]
DIA's budget and exact personnel numbers are
classified
. Classified Information is not willingly revealed to the public or with anyone that does not have a
need-to-know
[49]
verified. The agency does reveal that currently, it has approximately 17,000 employees, two-thirds of whom are civilians
[9]
and approximately 50% of whom work at more than 141 overseas locations.
[7]
In 1994, it was revealed that DIA requested approximately $4 billion in funding for the period of 1996?2001 ($6.3 billion inflation adjusted), averaging $666 million per year ($1.05 billion inflation adjusted).
[50]
The agency, however, has nearly doubled in size since then and also assumed additional responsibilities from various intelligence elements from across the Department of Defense, CIA and wider intelligence community. In 2006, at the height of
Donald Rumsfeld
's push to further expand the scope of military intelligence beyond tactical considerations, DIA was estimated to receive up to $3 billion annually.
[51]
According to classified documents leaked by
Edward Snowden
and published by
The Washington Post
in 2013, the
National Intelligence Program
(NIP) component of the
overall US intelligence budget
contained approximately $4.4 billion/year for the General Defense Intelligence Program (GDIP), which is managed by DIA, even as it is not exclusively for the agency's use.
[52]
The numbers exclude the Military Intelligence Component (MIP) of the overall US intelligence budget, which by itself has averaged more than $20 billion per year in the past decade.
Notable cases of espionage
[
edit
]
DIA is one of a few U.S. federal organizations, such as the
CIA
and
FBI
, that rely on
human espionage
to collect information. For this reason, the agency has been involved in numerous espionage events over the course of decades.
Spying for DIA
[
edit
]
- Victor Kaliadin
(
Russian
:
Виктор Калядин
) ? a CEO of a Russian company "Elers Electron", who in 2001 was sentenced to 14 years in prison for selling a ring run by a DIA agent technical information on
Arena
, the Russian
active protection system
for tanks. He died of his fourth heart attack in 2004.
[53]
- Igor Sutyagin
? Russian arms control and nuclear weapons specialist convicted in 2004 of spying for DIA. Released in 2010 in exchange for Russian spies arrested in the U.S. during the break-up of the
Illegals Program
. Denies any involvement in spying.
- Edmond Pope
? A retired intelligence officer-turned-"businessman", sentenced by a Russian court in 2000 to 20 years for buying up and smuggling classified military equipment out of the country as scrap metal.
[54]
He was soon pardoned by newly elected
Vladimir Putin
but continues to assert that the Russian authorities used him as a scapegoat for their broken system.
[55]
In the same interview with
Larry King
, however, he spoke of a plot by unspecified people in the U.S., as part of which Pope was being slowly poisoned in the
Lefortovo Prison
, with the hopes that he would eventually have to be transferred to a hospital, abducted on his way and smuggled out of the country; he claims that his representatives stopped the plot.
- Jerzy Strawa ? a Polish engineer and an employee of the Ministry of Foreign Trade executed in 1968 at
Mokotow Prison
for passing industrial and defense information to DIA agents while on official trips in
Austria
and
West Germany
.
[56]
- Natan Sharansky
? a former high ranking Israeli politician and Soviet dissident who, during his life in Russia, was sentenced to 13 years of prison with hard labor for spying for DIA. The prosecution alleged that he gave a DIA agent in journalist's disguise?Robert Toth?a list of people who had access to military and other secrets.
[57]
Sharansky was released in 1986 following a spy exchange that took place on the
Glienicke Bridge
between the USSR and the Western allies. In 2006, he was awarded the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
.
- Charles Dennis McKee ? a DIA officer who, along with
CIA
's
Matthew Gannon
, died as a result of the
Pan Am Flight 103
bombing.
[58]
The incident produced
numerous conspiracy theories
that the flight was bombed because the officers were aware of illicit U.S. intelligence drug activities or that the case was related to them trying to secure the release of American hostages in
Lebanon
. He is notably absent from DIA's memorial wall (below)
Spying against DIA
[
edit
]
- Ana Belen Montes
? a senior DIA analyst arrested in 2001 for spying for the
G2
of
Cuba
and sentenced to 25 years in prison. Prosecutors alleged that she started spying in the mid-1980s, around the same time when
CIA
's
Aldrich Ames
started his interaction with the
KGB
.
- Ronald Montaperto
? a senior DIA intelligence analyst who pled guilty in 2006 for giving classified information to China's
MSS
. Montaperto claimed that he was tricked and served only three months in jail due to letters of support from other pro-China intelligence analysts, pejoratively known as the "Red Team", who "harshly [criticize] anyone who raises questions about the threat posed by Beijing's communist regime."
[59]
[
better source needed
]
One of such supporters, Lonnie Henley, was initially reprimanded by the
ODNI
for his support of Montaperto but was later promoted to acting national intelligence officer for East Asia.
[60]
[
better source needed
]
- Waldo H. Dubberstein ? a senior DIA intelligence officer for the Middle East and an associate of CIA arms smuggler
Edwin P. Wilson
who was indicted in 1983 for selling DIA secrets to
Libya
. The day after being charged, he was found dead in what was ruled a suicide.
[61]
Controversies
[
edit
]
Alleged torture with drugs, gay porn, and loud music
[
edit
]
In 2003, the Defense Secretary
Donald Rumsfeld
's "Working Group" on interrogations requested that DIA come up with prisoner interrogation techniques for the group's consideration. According to the 2008
US Senate Armed Services Committee
report on the treatment of detainees in U.S. custody, DIA began drawing up the list of techniques with the help of its civilian employee, a former Guantanamo Interrogation Control Element (ICE) Chief David Becker. Becker claimed that the Working Group members were particularly interested in aggressive methods and that he "was encouraged to talk about techniques that
inflict pain."
[62]
It is unknown to what extent the agency's recommendations were used or for how long, but according to the same Senate report, the list drawn up by DIA included the use of "drugs such as
sodium pentothal
and
Demerol
," humiliation via female interrogators and sleep deprivation. Becker claimed that he recommended the use of drugs due to rumors that another intelligence agency, the name of which was redacted in the Senate report, had successfully used them in the past.
[63]
According to the analysis of the
Office of Defense Inspector General
, DIA's cited justification for the use of drugs was to "[relax] detainee to cooperative state" and that mind-altering substances were not used.
[64]
Some of the more lurid revelations of DIA's alleged harsh interrogations came from
FBI
officers, who conducted their own screenings of detainees in
Guantanamo
along with other agencies. According to one account, the interrogators of what was then DIA's
Defense Humint Service
(referenced in FBI correspondence as DHS
[65]
), forced subjects to watch
gay porn
, draped them with the
Israeli flag
, and interrogated them in rooms lit by
strobe lights
for 16?18 hours, all the while telling prisoners that they were from FBI.
[66]
The real FBI operatives were concerned that DIA's harsh methods and impersonation of FBI agents would complicate the FBI's ability to do its job properly, saying "The next time a real Agent tries to talk to that guy, you can imagine the result."
[66]
A subsequent military inquiry countered FBI's allegations by saying that the prisoner treatment was degrading but not inhumane, without addressing the allegation of DIA staff regularly impersonating FBI officers?usually a
felony
offense.
[67]
Similar activities transpired at the hands of DIA operatives in
Bagram
, where as recently as 2010 the organization ran the so-called "Black Jail". According to a report published by
The Atlantic
, the jail was manned by DIA's
DCHC
staff, who were accused of beating and
sexually humiliating
high-value targets held at the site.
[68]
The detention center outlived the black sites run by the
Central Intelligence Agency
, with DIA allegedly continuing to use "restricted" interrogation methods in the facility under a secret authorization. It is unclear what happened to the secret facility after the 2013 transfer of the base to Afghan authorities following several postponements.
[69]
DIA's harsh interrogation methods at times paled in comparison to those of some U.S.
special operations forces
. In 2004, interrogations by
Joint Special Operations Command
's high-value targets special operations task forces (including
Task Force 6-26
) were so heavy-handed and physical with the detainees that two DIA officials complained, as a result of which they were threatened and put under surveillance by abusive military interrogators. The two DIA officials managed to share their accounts of abuse with the agency leadership, prompting DIA Director
Lowell Jacoby
to write a memo on this topic to the
Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence
.
[70]
Skinny Puppy controversy
[
edit
]
In 2014, Canadian electronic music group
Skinny Puppy
sent the Defense Intelligence Agency a symbolic bill of $666,000, after finding out that the agency had used their music in
Guantanamo
during "enhanced interrogation" (deemed torture by some) sessions.
[71]
Their music was originally heard at GTMO by a guard, who happened to be a fan of Skinny Puppy and could not understand how his favorite music was being used in such a manner: "[Skinny Puppy's] songs are characterized by ... lyrics that call out corporate wrongdoing. The songs I heard at GTMO were heavily distorted, almost to the point of inaudibility. Even so, I would never have imagined that Skinny Puppy's music would, or could, be used for enhanced interrogation". The officer conducting interrogation sessions allegedly stating that the Canadian group's songs?which are "characterized by relentless drumbeats, panicked, convulsive riffs, synth samples"?were very effective for "enhanced interrogation."
[
citation needed
]
Attempts to expand domestic activities
[
edit
]
Since mid-2000s, DIA has come under scrutiny for requesting new powers "to covertly approach and cultivate 'U.S. persons' and even recruit them as informants" without disclosing they are doing so on behalf of the U.S. government.
[72]
George Peirce, DIA's general counsel, told
The Washington Post
that his agency is "not asking for the moon" and that DIA officers "only want to assess their [individual U.S. citizens'] suitability as a source, person to person", while protecting the ID and security of the agency operatives.
[73]
The provision allowing DIA to covertly approach U.S. citizens was reportedly removed from the bill at the request of Senator
Ron Wyden
.
[74]
It is unclear if the agency has received any additional powers since but it is known that until at least 2005 and possibly later, DIA's "personnel stationed in major U.S. cities [have been] ... monitoring the movements and activities?through high-tech equipment?of individuals and vehicles"; this occurred parallel to the
NSA's warrantless surveillance
that was of similarly dubious legality.
[75]
In 2008, with the consolidation of the new
Defense Counterintelligence and Human Intelligence Center
(DCHC), DIA secured an additional authority to conduct "offensive counterintelligence", which entails conducting clandestine operations, domestically and abroad, "to thwart what the opposition is trying to do to us and to learn more about what they're trying to get from us."
[76]
While the agency remained vague about the exact meaning of offensive counterintelligence, experts opined that it "could include planting a mole in a foreign intelligence service, passing disinformation to mislead the other side, or even disrupting enemy information systems", suggesting strong overlap between CI and traditional HUMINT operations.
[77]
According to the agency, Americans spying for a foreign intelligence service would not be covered under this mechanism and that DIA would coordinate in such cases with the FBI which, unlike any DIA components at the time, is designated a
law enforcement agency
. The media showed particular interest in the domestic aspect of DIA's counterintelligence efforts due to the fact that agency's newly created DCHC had absorbed the former
Counterintelligence Field Activity
, which had become infamous for storing data on American peace activists in the controversial
TALON
database that was eventually shut down.
[77]
9/11 and Able Danger
[
edit
]
Anthony Shaffer
, a former DIA officer, has claimed that DIA was aware of and failed to adequately act against one of the organizers of the
September 11 attacks
prior to the event, in what became known as the
Able Danger
controversy. Shaffer's claims were rejected and later his security clearance was revoked, with the Pentagon denying any wrongdoing. Later Shaffer published his book
Operation Dark Heart
but, upon complaints from DIA and NSA that it included national security information, the Defense Department went as far as to buy and destroy the initial 10,000 copies of the book, causing the
Streisand effect
.
[78]
German Neo-Nazi murders
[
edit
]
In 2011, the German government uncovered a
far-right
terrorist group
named
National Socialist Underground
, which had been linked to a
series of murders
, including the murder of a police officer. A report by
Stern
claimed German
BfV
and DIA officers had witnessed the murder of a policewoman during their surveillance of the
"Sauerland" group
?an Islamist organization that planned attacks on
U.S. military installations
in Germany?but that neither of the agencies reported it, thus enabling subsequent violent acts by the same criminal entities. The magazine cited an unverified DIA report that confirmed the agency's officers were at the site of the incident.
[79]
[80]
The authenticity of the alleged DIA observation protocol, on which
Stern
based its report, was swiftly denied by the BfV, while DIA refused to comment. An unnamed U.S. "insider expert" for intelligence matters told
Der Spiegel
he deemed it unlikely that DIA could be involved in that type of operation.
[81]
Memorial wall
[
edit
]
A memorial wall
at the
DIA headquarters
is dedicated to those agency employees who lost their lives in the line of their intelligence work
[82]
and whose deaths are not
classified
. The wall was first dedicated on December 14, 1988, by
Director
Leonard Perroots
. It "commemorates the profound individual sacrifices made on behalf of the United States by DIA members and acts as a reminder of the selflessness, dedication, and courage required to confront national challenges..."
[82]
"POOR IS THE NATION THAT HAS NO HEROES, BUT BEGGARED IS THE NATION THAT HAS AND FORGETS THEM."
[83]
DIA also maintains a memorial in the headquarters courtyard dedicated to personnel lost in the attacks of
9/11
on
the Pentagon
. Additionally, the agency maintains the Torch Bearers Wall at its Headquarters. The Torch Bearers award is the highest honor bestowed to former DIA employees and recognizes their exceptional contributions to the agency's mission.
In popular culture
[
edit
]
- Television
- The Brave (TV series)
- A Directorate for Analysis featured as one of two teams (alongside
Defense Clandestine Service
) in defending the United States. DIA provides intelligence support to the special forces in covert missions in hostile environments.
- Madam Secretary (TV series)
- Season 2: Jill Hennessy plays the recurring role of Jane Fellows, a DIA handler carrying out recruitment of Russian students.
- Covert Affairs
- Embassy Row ? Annie Walker runs into Ryan McQuaid at the Russian Embassy Ball, where he is secretly trying to buy Russian helicopters for DIA, which the agency intends to use in areas where American-made helicopters would attract too much attention.
- NCIS (TV series)
- "Admiral's Daughter" ? Amanda, Daughter of Admiral Kendall, works for DIA's
Defense Clandestine Service
(DCS) under a cover identity of a "party girl", which unsettles her unsuspecting father.
- "Better Angels" ? the episode revolves around an investigation into the death of Michael Dawson, an employee of
Defense Clandestine Service
(DCS), and whether DCS had anything to do with the incident.
- "Tell-All" ? commander Patrick Casey is discovered dead, along with his DIA ID and a codeword written in his own blood. The NCIS investigation is hampered by DIA's secrecy and attempts to conceal national security information.
- "Need To Know" ? a DIA operative George Roca comes in conflict with investigators from NCIS, who are not let on a sensitive DIA operation.
- "Ex-File" ? a DIA employee working on highly classified project finds her husband killed; the DIA sends a team to accompany the NCIS investigators due to the possibility that they may come in contact with classified information.
- NCIS Los Angeles
? Hetty Lange, played by Linda Hunt, the operations manager at the NCIS office in Los Angeles, formerly served with DIA and earned an Award of Merit at the agency
- NCIS: Hawai?i
- Kate Whistler, portrayed by Tori Anderson, a special agent on detail from DIA to NCIS.
- Burn Notice
- Season 5 ? involves a rogue DIA psychiatrist, Anson Fullerton, (Jere Burns), who turns out to be a murderer and a spy bent on blackmailing Michael Westen into doing his dirty work. Fullerton is responsible for burning Westen and is the founder of the Organization which serves as the main villainous group in the series.
- Seasons 4?7 ? during one of the operations, Michael Westen burns and later befriends a counterintelligence officer Jesse Porter (
Coby Bell
), who used to work for the
Counterintelligence Field Activity
, an entity incorporated into DIA at the time. Porter works with Westen throughout the rest of the series.
- Intelligence (American TV series)
- "Patient Zero" ? Defense Intelligence Agency Director Gen. Greg Carter inadvertently causes a deadly virus outbreak as a result of DIA's illegal bioweapons research.
- "The Event Horizon" ? Alexander Hatcher is a former DIA field operative who, during his service with the agency in 1980s, began research on a secret Iranian sleeper agent project titled "The Flood". He is murdered, placing "The Flood" under spotlight.
- Lost (2004 TV series)
? Kelvin Inman, a member of the Dharma Initiative, is a former DIA officer.
- 24 (TV series)
- Season 8: Jason Pillar, a former DIA deputy director, serves as Charles Logan's executive assistant in season 8 of 24.
- E-Ring
? DIA was often featured as the provider of intelligence to senior DoD decision-makers who are housed in the E-ring of the Pentagon.
- Film
- Book
- Video games
- Metal Gear
? two characters in the Metal Gear franchise, Nastasha Romanenko and Richard Ames, served as DIA operatives.
- Fallout 4
- an abandoned fictional DIA facility is featured in the game as a former base of the Railroad, one of the factions. Furthermore, a robot, programmed originally by the DIA and taken from the aforementioned facility, is using mathematical calculations to predict the outcome of situations said faction is involved in.
- Tabletop roleplaying games
- Delta Green
- the DIA is one of the government agencies player characters can be part of. Characters are intelligence analysts, military attaches or instructors for the defense intelligence college. The 2019 sourcebook The Complex also adds the options of members of the Defense Clandestine Service.
- Twilight: 2000
? a World War III role-playing game that features the US government after a nuclear strike. This causes the Continuity of Operations (COOP) to collapse with no clearly legitimate US government in powers. Regions and military units divide between a Civilian-led government (Civgov) of questionable authority and a Military-led government (Milgov) with no civilian control over them. Likewise the CIA pledges allegiance to the Civgov while the DIA becomes the Milgov's equivalent to the CIA.
- Fiction
- Area 7 (novel)
? A cryptanalyst working for the DIA foils two plans in the novel, involving a vaccine against a highly-lethal biological weapon known as the Sinovirus.
- Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon
? DIA recruits a Chinese official, who is eventually exposed and killed in a staged robbery before the DIA extracts him.
- Brotherhood of War
? features Sanford "Sandy" Felter, a military officer who is involved in intelligence work throughout his career. In the epilogue of The Generals it is stated that Felter reaches the rank of lieutenant general, and ends his career as Director of the DIA
- The Pitt
? features a DIA officer who investigates the accidental destruction of the city of Pittsburgh.
Seal
[
edit
]
The flaming torch and its gold color represent knowledge, i.e., intelligence, and the dark background represents the unknown?"the area of the truth" still sought by the worldwide mission of the agency.
[84]
The two red atomic ellipses symbolize the scientific and technical aspects of intelligence today and of the future. The 13 stars and the wreath are adopted from the Department of Defense seal and mean glory and peace, respectively, which the DoD secures as part of its work.
[85]
Badge
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
DIA Public Web Page.
"Overview of the Origins of DIA, 1960's"
. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
- ^
"Careers"
.
www.dia.mil
. Archived from
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on November 27, 2013
. Retrieved
September 20,
2010
.
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a
b
DIA Public Web Page.
"Frequently Asked Questions"
. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
- ^
The Defense Clandestine Service. Defense Intelligence Agency
Archived
May 5, 2013, at the
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Retrieved: May 5, 2013
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Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). AllGov.Com: Everything our Government Really Does.
Retrieved: May 5, 2013
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Miller, Greg.
Pentagon's plans for a spy service to rival the CIA have been pared back
,
The Washington Post
, November 1, 2014
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a
b
Defense Intelligence Agency.
"Get Ready: DIA Is Ready for a Changing World (Video)"
, September 10, 2013
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a
b
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DIA sending hundreds more spies overseas.
The Washington Post
, December 1, 2012.
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a
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. November 2009, page 5.
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Knight, Judson. "Defense Intelligence Agency"
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security
,
Cengage Learning
(Gale publishing), 2003
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Official Facebook Page
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(1 Nov 2023) Getting to MARS: Defense Intelligence Agency AI-assisted database to begin ops in spring
including access to unclassified data (so marked, to aid disclosure to allies and partners)
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(5 Apr 2021) DIA’s “MARS” Initiative Reaches Another Key Milestone
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[usurped]
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Purple through and through
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"
.
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a
b
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.
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a
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h
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.
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.
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.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
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,
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, December 19, 2011, p 29/32
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,
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,
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- ^
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,
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,
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,
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, March 25, 2013
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,
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, December 7, 2004
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,
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, February 12, 2014
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The Washington Post
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.
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