Historical territory in present-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands
The
County of Flanders
[b]
was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval
Low Countries
, located on the
North Sea
coast of what is now
Belgium
. Unlike its neighbours, such as the counties of
Brabant
and
Hainaut
, it was within the territory of the
Kingdom of France
. The
counts of Flanders
held the most northerly part of the kingdom, and were among the original twelve
peers
of France. For centuries, the economic activity of the Flemish cities, such as
Ghent
,
Bruges
and
Ypres
, made Flanders one of the most affluent regions in
Europe
, and also gave them strong international connections to trading partners.
Up to 1477, the core area under French suzerainty was west of the
Scheldt
and was called "Royal Flanders" (Dutch:
Kroon-Vlaanderen
, French:
Flandre royale
). Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th century onward, held land east of the river as a fief of the
Holy Roman Empire
: "Imperial Flanders" (
Rijks-Vlaanderen
or
Flandre imperiale
). The county joined its Low Country neighbours within the
Burgundian Netherlands
from 1384, which eventually complicated its relationship with France. Most of the county became part of the Empire after the
Peace of Madrid
in 1526 and the
Peace of the Ladies
in 1529.
By 1795 the entire
Austrian Netherlands
, the successor of the Burgundian Netherlands, was acquired by France under the
French First Republic
, and this was recognized by treaty in 1797. After the
Battle of Waterloo
in 1815, these territories, including most of the old county of Flanders, passed to the newly established
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
, which was split up between 1830 and 1839 into the modern countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The territories of the old county are now the only part of the late medieval French kingdom outside of modern-day France, Catalonia having been renounced in 1258.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The term Flanders originally referred to the area around
Bruges
. It is first mentioned in the biography of
Saint Eligius
(
c.
590
?660), the
Vita sancti Eligii
. The work was written before 684 but has been known only since 725. This work mentions only the place "in Flandris".
A
Germanic
etymology for "Flanders" and "Flemish" (Dutch:
Vlaanderen
,
Vlaams
) was proposed by
Maurits Gysseling
in 1948,
[1]
based upon an article by Rene Verdeyen in 1943.
[2]
[3]
According to this proposal, the terms Flanders and Flemish are likely derived from words derived from
Proto-Germanic
*
flaumaz
, meaning stream, current, flood or eddy. Based on this, it is proposed that there was a proto-Germanic term
*flaumdra
which referred to waterlogged land. According to Toorians, the strength of this proposal is that it would describe the salt marshes and mud flats of this low-lying coastal region. It was regularly inundated, before the development of dykes which started around 1050. However, a weak point of the proposal is that the Germanic wordforms which it requires are not found in any records of Dutch or its dialects. Comparison was instead based upon
Old High German
flewen
and
flouwen
, and Old Norse
flaumr
.
Geography
[
edit
]
The geography of the historic County of Flanders only partially overlaps with the present-day region of
Flanders
in Belgium, but even there, it extends beyond the present provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders. Some of the historic county is now part of France and the Netherlands. The land covered by the county is spread out over:
Flag and arms
[
edit
]
The
arms of the County of Flanders
were allegedly created by
Philip of Alsace
, count of Flanders from 1168 to 1191; a climbing or rampant black lion on a gold field. In the story about the
Battle of the Golden Spurs
, the arms and its corresponding battlecry
Vlaendr'n den leeuw
("Flanders, the Lion!") plays a crucial role in the forming of a Flemish consciousness, which was popularised in the 19th century by the book
De Leeuw van Vlaanderen
by
Hendrik Conscience
. As a result, the arms of the county live on as arms of the
Flemish Community
.
It is said that Philip of Alsace brought the lion flag with him from the
Holy Land
, where in 1177 he supposedly conquered it from a Saracen knight, but this is a myth. The simple fact that the lion appeared on his personal seal since 1163, when he had not yet taken one step in the
Levant
, disproves it. In reality Philip was following a West-European trend. In the same period lions also appeared in the arms of
Brabant
,
Luxembourg
,
Holland
,
Limburg
and other territories. It is curious that the lion as a heraldic symbol was mostly used in border territories and neighbouring countries of the
Holy Roman Empire
. It was in all likelihood a way of showing independence from the emperor, who used an
eagle
in his personal arms. In Europe the lion had been a well-known figure since Roman times, through works such as the fables of
Aesop
.
History
[
edit
]
Prehistory and antiquity
[
edit
]
The future county of Flanders had been inhabited since prehistory. During the Iron Age the
Kemmelberg
formed an important Celtic settlement. During the times of Julius Caesar, the inhabitants were part of the
Belgae
, a collective name for all Celtic and Germanic tribes in the north of
Gaul
. For Flanders in specific these were the
Menapii
, the
Morini
, the
Nervii
and the
Atrebates
.
Julius Caesar
conquered the area around 54 BC and the population was partially romanised from the 1st to the 3rd century. The
Roman road
that connected
Cologne
with
Boulogne-sur-Mer
was used as a defense perimeter. In the south the Gallo-Romanic population was able to maintain itself, while the north became a no-mans land that also suffered from regular floods from the
North Sea
.
In the coastal and
Scheldt
areas Saxon tribes gradually appeared. For the Romans,
Saxon
was a general term, and included
Angles
,
Saxons
,
Jutes
and Erules. The coastal defense around Boulogne and
Oudenburg
, the
Litus Saxonicum
, remained functional until about 420. These forts were manned by Saxon soldiers.
From their base land
Toxandria
the
Salian Franks
further expanded into the Roman empire. The first incursion into the lands of the Atrebates was turned away in 448 at Vicus Helena. But after the murder of the Roman general
Flavius Aetius
in 454 and Roman emperor
Valentinianus III
in 455, the Salic Franks encountered hardly any resistance. From
Duisburg
, king
Chlodio
conquered
Cambrai
and
Tournai
, and he reached the
Somme
. After his death two Salic kingdoms emerged.
Childeric
is recorded in 463 as king of Tournay and ally of the Romans against the
Visigoths
. He was also administrator of the province of
Belgica Secunda
. His son
Clovis I
conquered from 486 on all of Northern France.
Early Middle Ages
[
edit
]
The abandoned coast and Scheldt region had been partially repopulated since the 4th century by Saxons and Franks from the east of the
Rhine
that retained their
Germanic culture
and language. In the 5th century Salic Franks settled in present-day Northern-France and
Wallonia
, primarily around the cities of
Courtrai
,
Tournai
and
Bavay
. They adapted to the local Gallo-Romanic population. From the 6th century on the no-mans-land farther north was filled by
Franks
from the Rhinelands and other Germanic groups from the Netherlands and Germany.
The first wave of immigration in the present day Flemish territory was accompanied by limited Christianisation. In the wake of the immigrants, missionaries tried to convert the heathen population, but had little success. The bishoprics were reinstated, usually with the same natural borders of the Late-Roman era; the
Silva Carbonaria
separated the
Bishopric of Cambrai
from the
Bishopric of Tongeren
, while the Scheldt again became the border between the bishoprics of Cambrai and
Tournai
.
Vedast
and
Eleutherius of Tournai
were assigned to reinstate the bishoprics of
Arras
and Tournai. However, these bishoprics failed to survive independently. In the late 6th century the bishopric of Arras was connected to that of Cambrai, and at the start of the 7th century the same was done to the bishoprics of Tournai and
Noyon
.
At the end of the 6th century, the duchy of
Dentelinus
was created in the north of what would later constitute
Neustria
. The duchy presumably included the bishoprics of Boulogne, Therouanne, Arras, Tournai, Cambrai and Noyon: thus, the northwestern region between the North Sea and the Silva Carbonaria, an area the outlines of which were very similar to the later Flanders. The duchy was primarily intended to serve as a military and strategic deterrent against Frisian and Saxon invasions, and was a cornerstone in the military defense of the
Merovingian Empire
. In 600,
Chlothar II
(584?628) was forced to temporarily cede the duchy to
Austrasia
, but after the restoration of the Austrasian dual-monarchy in 622?623, the duchy was returned.
7th century
[
edit
]
At the end of the 6th and the 7th century a new inflow emerged from the western
Pas-de-Calais
. This area had been
germanised
in the 5th century and descendants of the
Saxons
and
Franks
had settled in future Flanders and the
Duchy of Brabant
. New groups of germanic settlers also came in from the Netherlands and Germany. Their new settlements often received the name of their germanic leader, with '-inga haim' added. -Inga haim meant 'the settlement of the tribe of X'. For example:
Petegem
comes from Petta-inga-haim, which meant 'the settlement of the tribe of Petta'.
The colonisation and germanisation of Flanders took place primarily in the 6th and 7th centuries. In the 7th century the population-level had risen sufficiently to start rebuilding the religious, military and administrative infrastructure. In the area of linguistics, the situation stabilised so that a large,
bilingual
region with a linear
language border
could emerge in the 8th century. In
Pas-de-Calais
, which had been densely populated a long time, a language barrier had emerged in the 6th?7th century, but in the 9th century a
romanisation
-movement started that has continued until the present day.
The Christianisation attempts in the 6th century by bishops like
Eleutherius
and
Vedast
had largely failed. Thus, in the 8th century a different strategy was chosen. A new Christianisation attempt was made under influence from king
Dagobert I
. He appointed several devoted missionaries from the southern parts of his kingdom to his royal domains in the northern parts of his kingdom. The missionaries were tasked with founding monasteries and abbeys there, that were to serve as centers of Christianity in a pagan region. From these centers, the conversion of the local populace could be started.
In 649
Audomar
founded an abbey at
Sithiu
(the
Abbey of Saint Bertin
) and in 680
Aubertus
founded the
Abbey of St. Vaast
near
Arras
. The Christianisation of the population was mainly the work of missionaries like
Amandus
(
St. Bavo's Abbey
and
St. Peter's Abbey
in Ghent) and
Eligius
(coastal region and
Antwerp
). In his 'vita', Eligius makes the first mention of the word 'Flanders', when he toured the area around 650.
During the 7th century the first
Gaue
or
pagi
were created in the Flemish territories. Gaue were administrative subdivisions of the civitates. The Gaue from the 7th and 8th century would form the basis of the county of Flanders. The
pagus Tornacensis
dates from
c.
580
, and from the 7th century we know of the 'pagus Cambracinsis' in 663, the pagus Taroanensis from 649 and the
pagus Bracbatensis
at the end of the century. From the 8th century we know of the pagus Rodaninsis from 707, the pagus Gandao from the first quarter of the 8th century, the pagus Mempiscus from 723 and the
pagus Flandrensis
from around 745. Lastly, the
pagus Austrebatensis
and the pagus Curtracensis are also counted as Merovingian gaue.
Carolingians
[
edit
]
In 751 the
Carolingian
Mayors of the Palace
succeeded in removing the Merovingians from power and obtaining the throne for themselves. The last Merovingian king,
Childeric III
, was placed in captivity at the later
Abbey of Saint Bertinus
in St. Omer, and his long hair, a symbol of royal power, was cut off.
Charlemagne
succeeded his father
Pepin the Short
in Neustria and Austrasia, and after the death of his brother Karloman he was able to reunite the entire Frankish Empire. Though he resided in
Aachen
, he spent much time travelling through his territories. In 811 he inspected the fleet that he had ordered built in Boulogne and Ghent, to protect against
Viking
invasions.
The region comprising future Flanders was, from an economic point of view, a flourishing region, with a series of ports along the
Scheldt
river:
Ghent
,
Tournai
,
Valenciennes
,
Cambrai
and
Lambres
at
Douai
on the
Scarpe
and a number of seaports:
Quentovic
,
Boulogne
and Isere portus, a port at the mouth of the
Yser
. Moreover, the region included a number of rich abbeys, such as
Abbey of Saint Bertin
,
Saint Bavo's Abbey
,
Saint-Amand Abbey
and the
Abbey of St. Vaast
.
Charlemagne was succeeded by his son
Louis the Pious
. Even during Louis' life his three sons started fighting over his heritage. They eventually concluded multiple treaties, of which the
Treaty of Verdun
, signed in 843, would be the definitive treaty. These treaties created
East Francia
,
Middle Francia
and
West Francia
. West Francia, inherited by
Charles the Bald
, included the original county of Flanders, that spanned roughly between
Oudenburg
,
Aardenburg
and
Torhout
.
After the Middle-Frankish kings died out, the rulers of the West and East-Frankish Kingdoms divided the Middle-Frankish kingdom amongst themselves in the
treaty of Meerssen
in 870. Now Western Europe had been divided into two sides: the solid
West Francia
(the later France) and the loose confederation of principalities of
East Francia
, that would become the
Holy Roman Empire
.
In the north these two powers were separated by the Scheldt river, which had previously separated West Francia from
Middle Francia
. This separation remained unchanged until the times of
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
.
Growth in the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries (864?1071)
[
edit
]
Militarily, economically and politically, Europe went through a deep crisis. The
Vikings
invaded from the north, the
Magyar
from the east and the
Saracens
from the south. All left trails of destruction. The central authorities of the two Frankish kingdoms were unable to organise an effective defensive, causing the population to lose faith and trust in their far-removed rulers. In the wake of this power vacuum, local powerful individuals saw their chance. Often these individuals were the descendants of people associated with
Charlemagne
.
The county of Flanders originated from the
Gau
of
Pagus Flandrensis
, led by the Forestiers dynasty, who had been appointed by Charlemagne, who had made a small contribution by uniting small feudal territories in the higher parts of the
Flemish Valley
. The forestiers dynasty also strengthened the hold of the church on the relatively desolate area.
The first
Margrave
(Count) of Flanders was
Baldwin I
,
[4]
who became count in 862, and a romantic anecdote is connected to this: Baldwin eloped with the daughter of the Frankish king
Charles the Bald
,
Judith of West Francia
. Judith, who had previously been married to two English kings, refused her father's command to return to him. After mediation by the pope, the Frankish king reconciled with his son-in-law, and gave him the title of margrave, and the corresponding feudal territories as dowry. Margrave was primarily a military appointment and some versions of the story theorize that King Charles made Baldwin Margrave in the hope that he would be killed by the Vikings.
Initially the French kings meant to secure the safety of the northern French border from Viking invasions with this act. The counts, however, made good use of the crisis situation by incorporating the surrounding plundered territories into the county. The counts expanded the influence of the original Flemish
pagus
over the years over all territories south and west of the
Scheldt river
, including presentday the lordship of the Four Amts,
Zeelandic Flanders
, the
burgraviate of Aalst
to the east and the
County of Artois
to the south, which remained part of Flanders until it became a separate county in 1237. After that date, the county of Artois at various times still came under the dominion of the count of Flanders as a separate title, until it was absorbed by the French crown.
The 11th to 13th centuries (1071?1278)
[
edit
]
Flemish
knights
in the 11th and 12th centuries were some of the most effective and well-respected knights of Europe even before the
Crusades
.
[5]
They were known to be chivalrous but lax on enforcing religious norms.
[6]
Prosperity in the 12th and 13th centuries
[
edit
]
The
House of Flanders
remained in power until 1119, when
Baldwin VII of Flanders
died heirless, and the county was inherited by
Charles the Good
, of the
House of Denmark
. He abandoned the title "Marquis of Flanders", which had been used alongside the comital style since the 10th century. The counts of Flanders were the last French lords using the title marquis, which would not be used again in France until 1504.
[7]
After a short interlude under
William Clito
of Normandy (1127?1128), the county went to
Thierry of Alsace
of the
House of Alsace
. Under Thierry (1128?1168) and his successor
Philip of Alsace
, Flanders' importance and power increased.
In the second half of the 12th century, the county went through a period of great prosperity when Philip of Alsace managed to incorporate the
County of Vermandois
into Flanders through the inheritance of his wife. The territories he controlled now came to within 25 kilometers of Paris, and were larger than the territories his feudal lord, the French king, directly controlled.
During the rule of the House of Alsace, cities developed and new institutions were formed. The ports of
Gravelines
,
Nieuwpoort
,
Damme
,
Biervliet
,
Dunkirk
, and
Mardijk
were founded, as well as
Calais
by Philip's brother
Matthew of Alsace
. Aside from colonisation, the ports also functioned to reduce the silting of the rivers
Aa
,
Yser
and
Zwin
, which were endangering the accessibility of
Saint-Omer
,
Ypres
and
Bruges
. Biervliet also served as a counter to Hollandic influence.
Trade partners included England, the
Baltic countries
and France over sea, and the
Rhineland
and Italy over land. The wool trade with England was of special importance to the rising
cloth industry
in Flanders. The wealth of many Flemish cities (as their
Belltowers
and
cloth halls
testify) came from the drapery industry. Aside from this, the
grain trade
with England and through Holland with Hamburg were also important.
Saint-Omer
became the most important transit-port for French wine in the 12th century. These were the centuries of the breakthrough of the Flemish merchants, with their trade with England, the Baltic area and South-West France, as well as the land routes to the
Rhineland
and Italy though later only the yearly fairs of Champagne. Flanders's flourishing trading towns made it one of the most urbanised parts of Europe.
In 1194,
Baldwin I of Constantinople
of the
House of Hainaut
, succeeded the House of Alsace.
The crisis of the 14th century (1278?1384)
[
edit
]
In 1278
Guy of Dampierre
, of the
House of Dampierre
, became count of Flanders. The king of France wanted to definitively conquer Flanders, and started the
Franco-Flemish War (1297?1305)
. Increasingly powerful in the 12th century, the territory's autonomous urban centres were instrumental in defeating the French invasion attempt, defeating the French at the
Battle of the Golden Spurs
in 1302. But finally the French prevailed at the
battle of Mons-en-Pevele
and with the subsequent
treaty of Athis-sur-Orge
(1305) Flanders lost Lille, Douai, and Orchies to France and had to pay exorbitant fines but retained their independence as a fief of the French kingdom. During this period, Flanders experienced a period of relative prosperity with its strong cloth industry and diverse artwork. Trade in Flanders was so extensive that statues of the Madonna and Child were made in Flanders with ivory, which was accessible only by the Indian Ocean trade networks.
[8]
Flemish prosperity waned in the following century, however, owing to widespread European population decline following the
Black Death
of 1348, the disruption of trade during the Anglo-French
Hundred Years' War
(1338?1453), and increased English cloth production. Flemish weavers had gone over to
Worstead
and
North Walsham
in
Norfolk
in the 12th century and established the wool industry.
The Burgundian 15th century (1384?1506)
[
edit
]
Through his marriage with
Margaret of Dampierre
in 1369,
Philip the Bold
, duke of
Burgundy
, made an end to the independence of Flanders. Flanders became the possession of the
House of Valois-Burgundy
, that ruled over the
Burgundian State
. In 1449 the city of
Ghent revolted
against duke
Philip the Good
. In 1453 Philip crushed the rebels at the
battle of Gavere
, ending the revolt.
The cities of Ghent and Bruges had previously operated virtually as city-states,
[10]
: 49
and upon the death of duke
Charles the Bold
attempted to re-assert this position by means of the
Great Privilege
that they wrested from
Mary of Burgundy
, Charles' daughter and successor. In 1482 this last Burgundian ruler died, making her young son
Philip I of Castile
of the
House of Habsburg
the new count, and her husband
Maximilian I of Austria
the regent. The Flemish cities staged
two more revolts
, but these were ultimately subdued by the armies of the
Holy Roman Empire
.
The 1493
Treaty of Senlis
established peace between France and the Habsburgs; per the terms of the treaty, Flanders would henceforth be a territory of the Holy Roman Empire.
The seventeen provinces in the 16th century (1506?98)
[
edit
]
Under
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
(born in the Flemish city
Ghent
), Flanders became a member of the
Burgundian Circle
. The county was later involved in the
Guelders Wars
.
Through the
Pragmatic Sanction of 1549
, the County of Flanders was officially detached from France. It became an independent territory of the
Holy Roman Empire
. This constitutional act made Flanders part of the
Seventeen Provinces
, that constituted the
Low Countries
and from then on would be inherited as a whole.
The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles personally, they were the region where he spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they were also important for the treasury. Lordship transferred to the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg with
Philip II of Spain
, and after 1556 belonged to the Kings of Spain.
It was in
Steenvoorde
(In
French Flanders
) in 1566 that the
Beeldenstorm
broke loose. The Beeldenstorm spread through all of the
Low Countries
and eventually led to the outbreak of the
Eighty Years' War
and the secession of the
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
. Originally Flanders cooperated with the northern provinces as a member of the
Union of Utrecht
, and also signed the
Act of Abjuration
in 1581, but from 1579 to 1585, in the period known as the "
Calvinist Republic of Ghent
", it was reconquered by the Spanish army.
The Spanish 17th century (1598?1713)
[
edit
]
Flanders stayed under Spanish control. Through the efforts of the French king
Louis XIV
, the entire southern part of Flanders was annexed by France, and became known as South-Flanders or
French Flanders
. This situation was formalised in 1678 at the
Treaty of Nijmegen
.
The Austrian 18th century (1713?89)
[
edit
]
After the extinction of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs, the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs became counts of Flanders. Under
Maria Theresa of Austria
, the
Austrian Netherlands
flourished.
Last years (1789?97)
[
edit
]
In 1789 a revolution broke out against emperor
Joseph II
. In 1790 the county of Flanders and a separate province called
West Flanders
, which constituted the territories given back by France to the Emperor, were two of the founding members of the
United States of Belgium
. Just like the other parts of the Austrian Netherlands, the county of Flanders declared its independence. This took place on the Friday-market at Ghent on 4 January 1790. The "Manifest van Vlaenderen" was drawn up by
Charles-Joseph de Graeve
and
Jean-Joseph Raepsaet
.
The county of Flanders officially ceased to exist in 1795, when it was annexed by France, and divided into two
departments
:
Lys
(present day
West Flanders
) and
Escaut
(present day
East Flanders
and
Zeelandic Flanders
). Austria confirmed its loss in the 1797
Treaty of Campo Formio
.
After the
French Revolution
the county was not restored, and instead the two departments continued their existence as the provinces of East and West Flanders in the
Unitarian
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
and later, after the
Belgian Revolution
, in Belgium.
Count of Flanders title
[
edit
]
From 1840 onwards, the title "Count of Flanders" has been appropriated by the monarchy of Belgium. As a rule it was given to the second in line of succession to the Belgian throne. The title of count of Flanders was abolished by royal decision on 16 October 2001.
Important treaties and battles which involved the County of Flanders
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Dhondt; Gysseling (1948), "Vlaanderen, oorspronkelijke ligging en etymologie", in De Smaele (ed.),
Album Prof. Dr. Frank Baur. Den jubilaris bij zijn zestigsten verjaardag als huldeblijk aangeboden door collega's vakgenoten en oud-leerlingen
, vol. I, pp. 192?220
. Cited by Toorians 2021.
- ^
Verdeyen, Rene (1943),
"Vlaanderen en Vlaming"
,
Verslagen en Mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde
: 407?479
- ^
Toorians, Lauran (2021), "Een etymologie voor Vlaanderen, waar de wol vandaan komt",
Bulletin d'Information de la Societe Belge d'Etudes Celtiques / Nieuwsbericht van het Belgisch Genootschap voor Keltische Studies
,
35
: 65?72
- ^
Gilliat-Smith, Ernest
(2009).
The Story of Bruges
. Stoddard Press. p. 5.
ISBN
978-1-4446-6629-8
.
- ^
Harl, Kenneth W.
(2023).
Empires of the Steppes: A History of the Nomadic Tribes Who Shaped Civilization
. United States:
Hanover Square Press
. pp. 263, 516.
ISBN
978-1-335-42927-8
.
- ^
McLynn, Frank
(2007).
Richard and John: Kings at War
(1st Da Capo Press ed.). Cambridge:
Da Capo Press
. pp. 64?65.
ISBN
9780306815799
.
- ^
D'Arcy Jonathan D. Boulton, "Marquis/Marquisate",
Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
(Taylor & Francis, 1995), 1120.
- ^
"The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation ≫ African Studies Center ? Boston University"
.
- ^
"Theatre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]"
.
lib.ugent.be
. Retrieved
2020-08-25
.
- ^
Koenigsberger, H. G. (2001).
Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
9780521803304
.
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
The earlier rulers were styled as margrave.
- ^
Dutch
:
Graafschap Vlaanderen
;
West Flemish
:
Groafschap Vloandern
;
French
:
Comte de Flandre
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Gysseling, M.
en Dhondt, J.
(1948): "Vlaanderen, oorspronkelijke ligging en etymologie", in
Album Prof. Dr. Frank Baur
p. 192?220, Leuven.
- Gysseling, M.
(1960):
Toponymisch woordenboek van Belgie, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (voor 1226)
, Tongeren.
- Blok, D.P.
(red)
et al
(1977?1983):
Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden
, Fibula-Van Dishoeck, Haarlem,
ISBN
90-228-3800-5
- Blom, J.C.H., Lamberts, E., redactie
(2006):
Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden
, HBuitgevers, Baarn,
ISBN
90-5574-474-3
- Dhondt, J.
(1943):
Korte geschiedenis van het ontstaan van het graafschap Vlaanderen van Boudewijn de IJzeren tot Robrecht den Fries
, Brussels ? The Hague.
- Dhondt, J.
(1941?1942): "Het ontstaan van het vorstendom Vlaanderen",
Belgisch tijdschrift voor filologie en geschiedenis
, XX, 553?572 en XXI, 53?93.
- Ganshof, F.-L.
(1944):
Vlaanderen onder de eerste graven
, Antwerp.
- Nicolas, D.
(1992):
Medieval Flanders
, London,
ISBN
0-582-01679-7
- Niermeyer, J.F., Presser, J., Van Houtte, J.A.
(1949?1958):
Algemene Geschiedenis der Nederlanden
, Haarlem ? Antwerp.
- Voet, L.
(1942): "De graven van Vlaanderen en hun domein, 864?1191",
Wetenschappelijke Tijdingen
, VII, 25?32.
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