??????????? ????? ?????????

???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????

???? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? GUI ^[?] ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? "????" ?? "??-??-??" ^[?] ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ^[?]^[?]^[?] ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???, ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???

?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ^[?] ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????, ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????-????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? (?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ^[?]) ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ^[?] ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????, ????? (???? ????? ??????? ??????) ????????? ????????? ????????????

??????????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ???? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?'? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????, ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????-????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????

?????? [ ???????? ]

Sample Graphical Desktop Environments
????? ??????? ( ?????-? )
??????
???????
?????????????
?????
An early ???? ?????? ???????
??????????? ?????????? ???????

?????? [ ???????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????

???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?'? ???????, ????, ????, ????????? ( ???????????? ) ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?

?????????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????, ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????

???????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????????? ?????????? (HID), ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? ???????????) , ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? (?? ??? ????????? ) ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? , ????????? ????? , ???????? , ????????? , ???????? , ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????)?

????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????????, ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??-????? ??? ?????? ???????

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ "Definition of GUI at Dictionary.com" ? ???????? ????? January 2010 ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: |????????-?????= ( ??????? )
↑ Martinez, W. L. (2011), Graphical user interfaces. WIREs Comp Stat, 3: 119?133. doi: 10.1002/wics.150
↑ Computerhope.com
↑ ^? ^? "Technet.com" ? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; ????? ??????????? ????? "blogs.technet.com" ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????
↑ "window manager Definition" ? PC Magazine ? Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc.? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ Greg Wilson (????)? "Off With Their HUDs!: Rethinking the Heads-Up Display in Console Game Design" ? Gamasutra ? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??, ???? ?
↑ "GUI definition" ? Linux Information Project ? ??????? ?, ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

???? ????? [ ???????? ]

Evolution of Graphical User Interface in last 50 years by Raj Lal
The men who really invented the GUI by Clive Akass
Graphical User Interface Gallery , screenshots of various GUIs
Marcin Wichary's GUIdebook , Graphical User Interface gallery: over 5500 screenshots of GUI, application and icon history
The Real History of the GUI by Mike Tuck
In The Beginning Was The Command Line by Neal Stephenson
3D Graphical User Interfaces (PDF) by Farid BenHajji and Erik Dybner, Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University

[1] "Definition of GUI at Dictionary.com" ? ???????? ????? January 2010 ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????: |????????-?????= ( ??????? )

[2] Martinez, W. L. (2011), Graphical user interfaces. WIREs Comp Stat, 3: 119?133. doi: 10.1002/wics.150

[computerhope.com-3] Computerhope.com

[blogs.technet.com-4] ? ^? "Technet.com" ? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ??????: <ref> ????? ??? ???; ????? ??????????? ????? "blogs.technet.com" ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????

[5] "window manager Definition" ? PC Magazine ? Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc.? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[6] Greg Wilson (????)? "Off With Their HUDs!: Rethinking the Heads-Up Display in Console Game Design" ? Gamasutra ? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??, ???? ?

[7] "GUI definition" ? Linux Information Project ? ??????? ?, ???? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

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