?? ??????????
(
??????
:
25 September
) ????
??????????? ?????????
? ????? (
???????
? ?????)
???
? ????? ??? ?’??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????
- ???? -
??????? ???
? ????
???'?'??? ?????
(Battle of Nicopolis) ?????? ????
- ???? -
??????????? ????????
???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
[1]
- ???? - ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????
?????? ?? ????
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????
- ???? - ?????? ???????? ?????? (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) ????????? ????
- ↑
Bergreen, Lawrence
(2011).
Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493?1504
. Penguin Group US.
ISBN
978-1101544327
.
https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dyhtkk4VQcC
.