???????????

Bacteria ; ??????? ???: ????:Long fossil range
	Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli bacilli
???????????? ????????????
?????:	Bacteria ;
Phyla
	Gram positive / no outer membrane ; Actinobacteria (high- G+C ) ; Firmicutes(low- G+C ) ; Tenericutes (no wall ) Gram negative / outer membrane present ; Aquificae ; Deinococcus-Thermus ; Fibrobacteres? Chlorobi / Bacteroidetes ( FCB group ) ; Fusobacteria ; Gemmatimonadetes ; Nitrospirae ; Planctomycetes? Verrucomicrobia / Chlamydiae ( PVC group ) ; Proteobacteria ; Spirochaetes ; Synergistetes Unknown / ungrouped ; Acidobacteria ; Chloroflexi (phylum)

??????????? ( ?????? : Bacteria ) ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?? ???????'? (Anton von Leeuwenhoek,1676) ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????(Ehrenberg,1828)-? ?? ??????? "???????????" ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? (Louis Pasteur,1822-1895) ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? (Robert Koch,1863-1910) ? ???? ???????-????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??,?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?'? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? (Sedillot,1878 ) ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????'?? (microbes) ????? ?????? ^[2]?

???????????? ????????? ????????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????????? ?'? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? (cellular) ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????
??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ,????? ??????? 2-10 nm ??? ???? 0.2-1nm ????
??????? ???????????? ??????? (heterotrophic) ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????'???'?'??? (bacteriochlorophyll) ??? ???? ???????? (autotrophic)????
???????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? (nuclear membrane),?????????? (nucleolus) ??? ????????? ?????? (nuclear reticulum) ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? DNA ????? ????,??? ???????????? ???'?'?'?(bacterial chromosome) ?????
???????????? ??? ? ???? ???,????'?????????? ??? ????:???????? ?????? ???????
???????????? ????? ????'??? ???????????? ??????? ????,??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????-?????? ???????? ?????????? ????
??? ?????? ?????
???????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????
???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? - ??????????? ????'??????(Rhizobium)?
??????????????? ??????????(antibiotic) ?????? ????

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????????? ???? , ???? , ???? , ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? , ??-??? , ?????? , ?????? ??? ????????? , ?????? ???????? , ?????? , ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ??? ?????? - ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? -???° C-? ???? ????? ???? ,??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??° C ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????-??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????

?????? (Coccus)
??????? (Bacillus)
?????????? (Spirillum)

?????? (coccus)

?? ?????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????,??????? ????? (cocci)????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????'?????? (micrococcus) ????? ???? - ??????'?????? ???????(Micrococcus)? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????'?????? (diplococcus) ????? ???? - ?????'?????? ????'??(Diplococcus pneumoniae)? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?'?? ??? ?????????'?????? (streptococcus) ????? ???? - ?????????'?????? ????'????(Streptococcus pyogens)? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?'??,??? ????????'?????? (staphylococcus) ????? ???? - ????????'?????? ?'??????(Staphylococcus aureus)? ?,?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? (sarcinae) ?????

???????(Bacillus)

??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ,??????? ?????? (bacilli) ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? -

?'?'?????? (Monobacilli) : ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????
?????'?????? (Diplobacilli) : ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????
?????????'?????? (Streptobacilli) : ????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????

?'?????? ?? ???????'(Comma shaped or vibrio)) ???????? ??????????? ??????? '?'??' ???????? ???? ?'??????? ???????????? ???????'(vibrio) ,??????? ???????'? (vibrios) ????? ???? - ???????'?'???? (Vibrio cholerae)?

?????????? (Spirillum) : ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? (screw) ? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ??????????,??????? ????????? (spirilla) ????? ???? - ??????'???????(Microspira)?

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??(cellular) ??? ? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?.?-?.?×?.?-?.?μm ??? ???? ?-?μm? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?'? ???????????? ????'??????(Dialister pneumosintes) ,?? ????? ?????? ?.??μm ???? ?????? ???? ????????????? ?'? ??????? ??????????(Bacillus butshilli) ,?? ????? ?????? ??μm?

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????????? ????,???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????

???? ??????(Vegetative reproduction)

???????????? ????-?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????

????-???????(Binary fission): ???? ?????? ???????????,??????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????-?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? DNA ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? DNA ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????-?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ????

?????????(Budding): ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? DNA ? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ? ?????? ????

???? ??????(Asexual reproduction)

???????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? (????-??????? ??? ??????????????) ??? ? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????:????(endospore) ????? ?????? ??????? ????:???? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????

????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ? ???????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????:????? ?????? ???? ?? ????:???????? ????????(gonidia) ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????,???????? ??????????? ??????-????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? (conidia) ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????

??? ??????(Sexual reproduction)

???????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????(eukaryotic) ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ??????(gamete) ?? ???????(zygote) ? ?????? ????,??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????(donor) ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????(recipient) ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????(genetic recombination) ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????-?????? ???????? ?????? ????

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ "Bacteria (eubacteria)" . Taxonomy Browser . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock ? ???? ??? ????: 2008-09-10 .
↑ ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????" ???? - ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? - ???? ??????????? ??,???? ?????????,???? ??????? ???,???????,???????? -??????, ???, ?????? ?? : ????
↑ Stewart EJ, Madden R, Paul G, Taddei F (2005). "Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetric division" . PLoS Biol. ???? 3 (2): e45. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045 . PMID 15685293 .
↑ Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) . ??????? Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ??????. Chapter 33, pages 367?392. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5 .
↑ LEF.org > Bacterial Infections Updated: 01/19/2006. Retrieved on April 11, 2009

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

[1] "Bacteria (eubacteria)" . Taxonomy Browser . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock ? ???? ??? ????: 2008-09-10 .

[1-2] ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????" ???? - ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? - ???? ??????????? ??,???? ?????????,???? ??????? ???,???????,???????? -??????, ???, ?????? ?? : ????

[3] Stewart EJ, Madden R, Paul G, Taddei F (2005). "Aging and death in an organism that reproduces by morphologically symmetric division" . PLoS Biol. ???? 3 (2): e45. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030045 . PMID 15685293 .

[Microbiology33-4] Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) . ??????? Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ??????. Chapter 33, pages 367?392. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5 .

[5] LEF.org > Bacterial Infections Updated: 01/19/2006. Retrieved on April 11, 2009

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Bacteria ??????? ???: ????:Long fossil range

Scanning electron micrograph of Escherichia coli bacilli
???????????? ????????????
?????:	Bacteria
Phyla ^[1]
Gram positive / no outer membrane Actinobacteria (high- G+C ) Firmicutes(low- G+C ) Tenericutes (no wall ) Gram negative / outer membrane present Aquificae Deinococcus-Thermus Fibrobacteres? Chlorobi / Bacteroidetes ( FCB group ) Fusobacteria Gemmatimonadetes Nitrospirae Planctomycetes? Verrucomicrobia / Chlamydiae ( PVC group ) Proteobacteria Spirochaetes Synergistetes Unknown / ungrouped Acidobacteria Chloroflexi (phylum)