???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????
(10 ?????? 1948 - 14 ?????? 1988) ???? ?????? ??? ????????
??????????
??
?????? ????????????
??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???
????? ???????
?? 1986 ??? 1988.
?????? ??????? ????????
[
???
]
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??
???????
. ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????.
[3]
[4]
??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.
?? 1967? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
????????? ?????? ??????
? ?? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?≪???????≫? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??
???????? ???????
? ??? ????? ?? 1967 ??? 1969. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??
?????? ???????
? ≪???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????... ????? ????? ???? ???????.≫
[5]
????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??
????????????
.
[4]
?????? ???????
[
???
]
""... ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????... ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????."
???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??
????? ?????? ??????
?? ???????. ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
[6]
?? 1969 ??? 1973? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
?? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??
???????
? ??? ??? ??????
??????????????
? ????? ???? ??
??????? ???????
?????? ?????????
.
[4]
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????.
??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1978? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ?????: ≪??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????≫. ≪??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????: ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???.≫
[5]
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? (?????? ?≪?? ????≫ ?? ≪?????≫). ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????.
[7]
?? 8 ???? 1978? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? - ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? - ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????????????. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ≪?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????.≫
[8]
?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????:
... ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? "?????". ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?????. ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??
??????
. ??? ??? ????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ...
?
???? ???????
[5]
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????
??? ???-47
. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????????.
????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????
[
???
]
??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? 1979? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? 7.500 ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.
[9]
?? 1984? ????
????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??
????? ??????????? ????????
.
[10]
????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 1984 ??? ???? 1986? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? 1988.
[11]
??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
????? ????? ???????
?
???? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????
????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????
????????
??? ??????.
??????
[
???
]
?? 14 ?????? 1988? ????? ≪?? ??????≫ ????
????? ??? ?????
?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? 39 ?????. ??????? ??? ≪??? ????? ???????≫ ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 1987 ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?????.
[5]
???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????.
??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ≪??????≫ ?? 1986 ?? ???? ???????.
[12]
??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????.
?????? ?? ???????
[
???
]
- Patricia Daniel (1998)
No Other Reality, the Life and Times of Nora Astorga
(CAM: Bangor [UK]).
- Margaret Randall and Lynda Yanz (1995)
Sandino's Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan Women in Struggle
(Rutgers University Press).
????? ??????
[
???
]
???????
[
???
]
- ^
Encyclopædia Britannica | Nora Astorga
(???????????),
QID
:
Q5375741
- ^
FemBio-Datenbank | Nora Astorga
(?????????? ???????????),
QID
:
Q61356138
- ^
Nicaragua, Civil Registration, 1809-2011
- ^
?
?
?
?
Saxon? Wolfgang (15 ?????? 1988).
"Nora Astorga, a Sandinista Hero and Delegate to U.N., Dies at 39"
.
New York Times
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2010-12-15
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-10-15
.
- ^
?
?
?
?
"Nora Astorga In Her Own Words"
.
Envio
. Central American University (UCA). ????? 1988. ????? ??
?????
?? 2020-07-31
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-10-15
.
- ^
Houghton Mifflin Company (2003).
The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography
. Houghton Mifflin. ?.
76
.
ISBN
:
0-618-25210-X
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2022-07-04.
- ^
"Nora and the Dog"
.
TIME
. 2 ????? 1984. ????? ??
?????
?? 2012-10-20
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-10-15
.
- ^
Sciolino, Elaine (September 28, 1986) "Nicaragua's U.N. Voice." New York Times.
- ^
Randall, Margaret.
"5"
.
Todas estamos despiertas: Testimonios de la mujer Nicaraguense de hoy
(??????????). p. 167.
ISBN
:
968-23-1011-3
.
Nora Astorga -Militante Sandinista, abogada, madre de tres ninos -es la fisical especial de justicia encargada de enjuciar a los mas de 7500 somocistas que se enfrentan a la justicia popular.
- ^
"800 Attend Mass for Nicaraguan"
.
New York Times
. 24 ?????? 1988. ????? ??
?????
?? 2017-01-01
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-10-16
.
In 1984, the United States refused to accept Miss Astorga as Nicaragua's Ambassador to Washington, citing her role during the Sandinista revolution in luring a Nicaraguan general who had worked with the Central Intelligence Agency to her bedroom, where he was killed by assailants who had hid there. She later maintained that the operation was an attempted kidnapping that went wrong when a struggle developed.
- ^
"Nora Astorga"
. MADRE.org. ????? ??
?????
?? 2007-08-03
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-10-16
.
- ^
http://www.jeffersonstarshipsf.com/ndiary.htm
???? ??????
2016-03-21 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.