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:
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) ?? ?????
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????? ??????
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???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ????) ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? 1571?. ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? 1571?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ? 12 ???????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? 1574? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? 1595? ????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? 1565? ? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? 1600 ? 1609 ? 1645?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? 1762? ???? ??? 1764?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? 1781? ? 1783?. ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? 1832?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1869? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 1872?. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 1882?. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? 1896? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 30 ????? 1896?. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? 1898?. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 7 ????? ??? 1901?. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? (1939- 1945?) ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? 1942?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? 1945?. ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
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.
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???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 1899
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???????
[
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]
- ^
"???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????"
.
OpenStreetMap
. ???? ???? ??????
2024-05-15
.
- ^
"???? ?????? ?? GeoNames ID"
.
GeoNames ID
. ???? ???? ??????
2024-05-15
.
- ^
"???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????"
.
MusicBrainz area ID
. ???? ???? ??????
2024-05-15
.
- ^
?
?
https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc/?q=psgc/submuni/133900000
. ???? ???? ??????
2020-04-27
.
- ^
http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=133900000®Name=NCR%20-%20National%20Capital%20Region
.
- ^
2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) Population Counts Declared Official by the President
(???????????), Philippine Statistics Authority, 7 Jul 2021,
QID
:
Q107442757
- ^
Household Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)
(???????????), Philippine Statistics Authority, 23 Mar 2022,
QID
:
Q107442757
- ^
"Manila-Montreal Sister City Agreement Holds Potential for Better Cooperation : Philippines : Gov.Ph : News"
(???????????).
- ^
https://oewd.org/san-francisco-sister-cities
.
- ^
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?
?
50 Largest World Metropolitan Areas Ranked: 2000 Estimates
???? ??????
17 ????? 2017 ??? ????
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.
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???????, ???? ????
???? ??????
2017-08-22 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
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"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Manila, Philippines"
. Weatherbase. 2007. ????? ??
?????
?? 2000-10-24
. ???? ???? ??????
2007-02-04
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?
?
?
?
???? ???? ????.
"??????"
.
???????? ???????
. ????? ??
?????
?? 18 ?????? 2015
. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 2020
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? taipei.gov? ????? ??
?????
?? 2015-11-05
? ???? ???? ??????
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???? ??????
28 ?????? 2008 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
???? ??????
28 ?????? 2005 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.(archived from
the original
on 2005-12-28)
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Allison Lopez (7 ????? 2008)?
Manila mayor flies to ‘sister city’ for Beijing Olympics
? Philippine Daily Inquirer? ????? ??
?????
?? 2013-12-29
? ???? ???? ??????
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- ^
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(Spanish), Madrid.es.
???? ??????
25 ????? 2013 ??? ????
??? ??? ????
.
- ^
Sister Cities
? the City of Santa Barbara, California? 17 ?????? 2006? ????? ??
?????
?? 2016-05-08
? ???? ???? ??????
2008-09-09
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