?????? ???

?????? ???
Malcolm X
	?????? ??? ?? ?????? 1965
??????? ?????
??? ???????	?????? ????
???????	19 ???? 1925 ; ?????? ? ???????
??????	21 ?????? 1965 (39 ???) ; ????? ??????? ? ???????
??? ??????	????? ??????
???? ?????	????? ????????
???????	??????
????? ????	????? ???? ??????
?????	?????? ??????
???????	????
?????? ??????	???
??????	???? ???? (????? ??? 1958 )
???????	??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????
???? ??????	???? ???? ??????
?????	???? ???? (????) ; ???? ?????? ???? (????)
?????? ???????
???????	??? ?? ???????
??????	???? ???? · ?????
????? ????	??????????
??????	??????????
????? ??????	1953 ??? 1964
?????	???? ??? ??????? ; ?????? ???????? ; ????? ?????? ?????????????
???????
	????? ??????? - ???? ‏ (1966)
???????
???????
IMDB	????? ??? IMDB
	????? ????? - ?????

?????? ??? ( 19 ???? 1925 - 21 ?????? 1965 )? ????? ??? ?????: ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ( ?????? ?????? )? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ^[1] ??????? ??????: ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? . ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????.

???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ??? 1946? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? 1952? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? 1964? . ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1965? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.

????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 1964? ? ???? ???? ?? ???: ≪??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???≫. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????.

?????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ?? 19 ???? 1925 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? . ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? . ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[2] ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? . ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? 1928? . ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? 1931 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? 1939 ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ^[3]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????:

≪ ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????.≫

??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??:

≪???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????.≫

?? ??? 1931 ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ^[2] ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ^[4] ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ^[5] ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[2] ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????. ^[6]

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ^[7] ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1934 ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ^[2]

?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ^[7] ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? 1939 ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? 26 ???.

??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ^[2] ???:≪ ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ≫ ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ^[8] ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????:

≪?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???.≫

???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??: ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? . ^[2]

???????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ^[7] ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ^[7]

??? ????? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1940 ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ? ^[2] ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? . ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? - ???? ??????? - ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ^[7]

??? ??? 1941 ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ????? 1943 ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[2] ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? 1945 ? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[3] ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????. ^[2] ????????? ???????.

??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ^[9] ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? . ^[10]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? 1946 ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 1947 ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????:

≪?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???.≫

??? ??? 1948 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[11] ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ^[7] ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[2]

?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ^[9] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????. ^[2] ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? . ^[7] ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????. ^[9]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???. ^[2] ???? ????? -????? ?? ?????- ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[7] ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ^[3]^[9]

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ^[9] ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ^[7] ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? 10 ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? 7 ????? ???.

???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ^[2] ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

??????? ??? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ≪??? ???????≫? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

????????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ≪????≫ ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ≪????≫ ?? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ^[12]

??? ?????? ?? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1952 ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ^[2] ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????

≪??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????.≫

??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ^[3] ??? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????:

≪?????? ????: ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???: ??????? ???? ???.≫

??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ^[2] ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???. ^[11]

????? ?? ??????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[9] ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? 500 ??? ?? ??? 1952 ??? 30.000 ??? ?? ??? 1963.

??? ????? 1953 ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? 1 ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? 88 ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? 1959 ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ^[3]

????? ????? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? - ??? ?????????? X - ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ^[3] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????:

≪?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.≫

???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ≪????≫ ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ^[9] ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.

?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 1964 .

?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? - ???? ????? ?????? - ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ^[9] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ≪????? ??????≫ ???? ??? ???? . ^[1]

?????? ???????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ??? 1959 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????: ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? 1961 ? ^[2] ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? - ??? ?????? - ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????. ^[2]

?????? ??? ?????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1962 ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ≪???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????≫? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ^[3]

?????? ??????? ???? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ^[9] ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 1964. ^[5]

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ^[13]

???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? - ???? ????? ?? ?????? - ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????. ^[13]

?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????:

≪ ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ^[13]≫

???? [ ??? ]

?????? ???? ??????? ??? 1964 ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ^[2]

??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1379 ?? ??????? ??? 1964? ^[7]^[12] ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? - ??? ??? ????? - ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ^[2] ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ^[12] ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ^[7] ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????. ^[12] ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???:

≪ ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????≫

???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? . ^[2]

????? ?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? 39 ????? ? ???? ??????? ??:

≪????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????.≫

^[2] ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? - ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? - ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??????:

≪????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????.≫

???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????? . ^[9]

??????? ???????? [ ??? ]

????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 1964 ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ^[2] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ^[12]

?????? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? - ???? ??? ??????? - ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ^[14]

??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? 1380 ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ≪????? ??? ?????≫ ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ^[12] ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? . ^[11]

?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[12] ??? 14 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ^[15] ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ^[12]

??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???:

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???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???:

≪ ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.≫

??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? . ^[9] ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????????:

≪ ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ^[9]≫

??? ???? ??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ???? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? - ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? - ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ^[3] ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ^[7] ??? ??????? ????????? - ??? ????? - ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? - ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? - ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????:

≪????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???????≫

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? 14 ???? / ?????? 1965 ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? 18 ???? 1384 ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ^[12] ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????. ^[12]

??? ???????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ≪????? ????≫ ???? ???? ?? ≪???? ????? ????≫ ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???. ^[12] ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? - ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? - ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ^[2]

?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????.

?????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? - ????? ????? - ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???:

≪????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ^[2]≫

?? ????? ??? 2010 ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? - ???? ?????? ??? - ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 45 ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? - 69 ????? - ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? 1965 ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? - ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? - ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? 2010? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ^[16]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? 400 ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[3]

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? - ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? - ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ^[3]

????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1965 ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1965 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? - ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? - ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? .

???????? [ ??? ]

???????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????????. ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????. ^[17]

?????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 1992 ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? 1993 ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? - ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? - ??? ????? - ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.

??? ?????? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? 19 ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? . ^[18]^[19]

???? ??? 7 [ ??? ]

???? ??? 7 ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? - ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? - ??? ???????? ???? ??? 1964. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1946 ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ^[20] ?? ??? 1965 ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? 7 ?? ??? ??????. ^[21] ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ^[22] ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???. ^[23]

????? ?????? ??? [ ??? ]

?? ??? 1972 ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1914 ??? ?? ?????? 60 ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 600 ??? 831 ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[24]^[25]

???? ?????? ??? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? - ????? - ???? ??? 1911 ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 1934 ??? ??? 1969 ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 1969 ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? 18 ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????. ^[26]^[27]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ ^? ^? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ???? ?????? 10 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? (?? ???? ???????: 18 ???? 1384 ??) ????? ????? ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? - ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????: ???? ??? ????. ???? ?????? 22 ???? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? 08 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????? 25 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ?????? (?????? ???) ???? ?????? 24 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???.(21/ 2/ 2009) ???? ?????? 25 ???? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? 03 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? 8 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? 25 ????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? : 18 ???? - 1318 ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ^? ^? ^? ?? ?????: ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? X ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????. ???? ?????? 6 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 21/ 2/ 2007 ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? 24 ?????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 45 ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. (?????? ? ??? ????) ???? ?????? 29 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Malcolm X Day celebrated at namesake school ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )
^ "We Need a Malcolm X Day" ? Time ? 20 ????? 2012? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-28
^ "From Abyssinia to Zion," by David Dunlap (p. 136) ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Muhammad's Mosque Number Seven's Website ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 13 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "AIA Guide to New York City," Fourth Edition, p. 494
^ Masjid Malcolm Shabazz's Website ???? ?????? 5 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Lee, Felicia R. "Newark Students, Both Good and Bad, Make Do" , ??????? ????? , May 15, 1993. Accessed November 20, 2014. "Malcolm X Shabazz opened in 1914 as South Side High School. By 1972 it had been renamed for the fiery former Nation of Islam leader." ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Data for Malcolm X Shabazz High School , ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? . Accessed November 20, 2014. ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ " [1] ." Chicago Journal. Retrieved on February 9, 2013. ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ " [2] ." City of Chicago. Retrieved on February 9, 2013. ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

??????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? . ??????? ??? 1965 .

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? :

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???????? ?? ???? ????????.

?????? ??? ??? ???? IMDb (??????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? Encyclopædia Britannica Online (??????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? MusicBrainz (??????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? NNDB people (??????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? AllMusic (??????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? Discogs (??????????)
?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (??????????)
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?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? .
?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? .
?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? .
??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? .
????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???

[islamstory.com-1] ? ^? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? . ???? ?????? 10 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[التغيير-2] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? (?? ???? ???????: 18 ???? 1384 ??) ????? ????? ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[أيمن_حنا-3] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? - ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????: ???? ??? ????. ???? ?????? 22 ???? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[اقرأ-4] ?????? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? 08 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[سراج-5] ? ^? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?????? 25 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[6] ???? ?????? (?????? ???) ???? ?????? 24 ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[فجائية-7] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[8] ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???.(21/ 2/ 2009) ???? ?????? 25 ???? 2009 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[تراتور-9] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? 03 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[الراصد-10] ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? 26 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[نادي_القراءة-11] ? ^? ^? ?????? ??? 8 ????? 2009 ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? 25 ????? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[شهيد_الحق-12] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ???? ????? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ????? ????? : 18 ???? - 1318 ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[سم_ون-13] ? ^? ^? ?? ?????: ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? 10 ?????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[14] ?????? X ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????. ??????. ???? ?????? 6 ???? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[15] ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? 21/ 2/ 2007 ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?????? 24 ?????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[بي_بي_سي-16] ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? 45 ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2013 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[17] ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. (?????? ? ??? ????) ???? ?????? 29 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[18] Malcolm X Day celebrated at namesake school ? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-04 ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 2020 {{ ??????? }}: ???? ?? ??????? ??: |????? ??????= ( ?????? )

[19] "We Need a Malcolm X Day" ? Time ? 20 ????? 2012? ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-10-28

[20] "From Abyssinia to Zion," by David Dunlap (p. 136) ???? ?????? 31 ????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[21] Muhammad's Mosque Number Seven's Website ^{[
???? ??????
]} ???? ?????? 13 ?????? 2014 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[22] "AIA Guide to New York City," Fourth Edition, p. 494

[23] Masjid Malcolm Shabazz's Website ???? ?????? 5 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[24] Lee, Felicia R. "Newark Students, Both Good and Bad, Make Do" , ??????? ????? , May 15, 1993. Accessed November 20, 2014. "Malcolm X Shabazz opened in 1914 as South Side High School. By 1972 it had been renamed for the fiery former Nation of Islam leader." ???? ?????? 17 ????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[NCES-25] Data for Malcolm X Shabazz High School , ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? . Accessed November 20, 2014. ???? ?????? 14 ?????? 2018 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Mayor's_new_plan_will_bolster_Malcolm_X_College's_medical_program-26] " [1] ." Chicago Journal. Retrieved on February 9, 2013. ???? ?????? 04 ???? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Mayor_Emanuel_Announces_Expansion_of_City_Colleges_Dual_Credit_Program_that_Allows_CPS_Students_to_Earn_College_Credit-27] " [2] ." City of Chicago. Retrieved on February 9, 2013. ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2016 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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[12]

[13]

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[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

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