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????? ??? ??	15 ???? ????? ; ?????? ; ???????? ; ??????? ; ?????? ; ?????????? ; ????????? ; ????????? ; ??????? ; ????????? ; ????? ; ?????? ; ????? ; ????? ; ??????? ;
	????? ????? - ?????

??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????????? ????????????? ( ????????? : ????? ???? ) ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ^[14] ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? .

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1501? ???? ??? 1763? ???? ??? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????. ^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ^[19] ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? . ^[20] ??? ?????? ???????? (??? ???? ??? ????? ???) ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? . ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? . ^[21] ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??? 1501? ???? ??? 1722? (???? ??????? ?????? ??? 1729? ??? ???? 1736?)? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? . ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 1736?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ≪ ??????? ????????? ≫? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? .

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????????? (1252?1334). ?? 700/1301 ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? -??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????- ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? . ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.

???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????)? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????. ^[22]

??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? († 794/1391?92). ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? († 1429)? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? († 1429?47).

????? ???? ????? ???? (??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????) ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 1447? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ??? ??? ??. ??. ??????: ≪?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????≫. ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? (?????: ??????? ???????)? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? (??????? ??????? ????????) ??????? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ^[23] ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ^[24] ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??????????. ^[25]

??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? 1488. ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????.

??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? 1501?1524. [ ??? ]

????? ??? ??? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? (1370?1506)? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ????????: ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1501. ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ^[26] ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? 1500 ?????:

??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?
????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???? ????? ??? ??????
???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???: ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????.

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? . ^[27] ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (?????? ??????)? ?? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????.

??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????.

???? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (?????? ???????) ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? (???????). ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ^[28]

?????? ?????? [ ??? ]

??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? 30 ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ^[29]

???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? (???? ????) ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? (???? ????????). ^[30]

???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????????. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????. ^[31]

??????? [ ??? ]

???? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???.

???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? (1565-1635) ?????? ????? ????? ??????? - ???? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ^[32]

???? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ^[33]

????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? (865-92) (???????? ??? ????? ???? ????) ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? (?? 980-1037) ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???. ^[34]

???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? [ ??? ]

??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????????????.

????? ???? ?? ????:

?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????. ^[35]

???? ????? [ ??? ]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Safavid dynasty | Iranian dynasty | Britannica.com ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD" in Encyclopedia Iranica.
^ Rudi Matthee, "Safavids" in Encyclopædia Iranica accessed on April 4, 2010: [1] . ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", Encyclopædia Iranica , January 24, 2006: "... written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"
^ ^? ^? Rudi Matthee, " Safavids " in Encyclopædia Iranica , accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse". ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History , V, pp. 514-15.
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? Mazzaoui? Michel B? Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. ?. 86?7. ISBN : 978-0-521-52291-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-15. Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).
^ Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years , I.B.Tauris, Published 2006. pg 76
^ Savory? Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids . Cambridge University Press. ?. 213. ISBN : 0521042518, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-21. qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ??? ???? ( ?????? )
^ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran , vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ( ???? 0-521-20094-6 ), pp. 948?65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
^ Price? Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook . ABC-CLIO. ?. 66. ISBN : 1576079937, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-15. The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ??? ???? ( ?????? )
^ https://books.google.com/books?q=%22Safavid+Persia%22 ???? ?????? 2020-05-15 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?. ???? ???? ???? (2009). ????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?????) (?. ??????). ??? ???????. ?. 7. ISBN : 9781118014516 .
^ Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study . 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.
^ Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief . University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.
^ Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire , IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
^ "SAFAVID DYNASTY" . Encyclopædia Iranica . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-26.
^ Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.
^ Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".
^ ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????
^ Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Turkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"
^ Peter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' Trebizonde en Colchide ", Speculum , Vol. 45, No. 3 (July 1970), p. 476.
^ Anthony Bryer, open citation , p. 136.
^ The writer ??mlu documented the most important of them in his history.
^ Akiner? Shirin (2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security . Taylor & Francis. ?. 158. ISBN : 978-0-203-64167-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-15.
^ Savory, pp. 185?6.
^ Momen? Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi?i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism . Oxford: G. Ronald. ?. 204 . ISBN : 978-0-85398-201-2 .
^ Momen? Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi?i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism . Oxford: G. Ronald. ?. 222 . ISBN : 978-0-85398-201-2 .
^ Momen? Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi?i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism . Oxford: G. Ronald. ?. 116 . ISBN : 978-0-85398-201-2 .
^ Ferrier, R. W.; A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire; pp 71?71.
^ Blow, p. 173.
^ Ferrier, pp. 80?2.
^ Blow, p. 170.

?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Safavid dynasty | Iranian dynasty | Britannica.com ???? ?????? 30 ????? 2015 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[2] "IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD" in Encyclopedia Iranica.

[MatheeIranica-4] Rudi Matthee, "Safavids" in Encyclopædia Iranica accessed on April 4, 2010: [1] . ???? ?????? 21 ????? 2012 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[Perry-5] John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", Encyclopædia Iranica , January 24, 2006: "... written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"

[مولد_تلقائيا1-6] ? ^? Rudi Matthee, " Safavids " in Encyclopædia Iranica , accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse". ???? ?????? 22 ?????? 2017 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[7] Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History , V, pp. 514-15.

[mazzaoui-8] ? ^? ^? ^? Mazzaoui? Michel B? Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. ?. 86?7. ISBN : 978-0-521-52291-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-15. Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).

[9] Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years , I.B.Tauris, Published 2006. pg 76

[savory07-10] Savory? Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids . Cambridge University Press. ?. 213. ISBN : 0521042518, ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-21. qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ??? ???? ( ?????? )

[cambridgesafa-11] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran , vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ( ???? 0-521-20094-6 ), pp. 948?65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[price-12] Price? Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook . ABC-CLIO. ?. 66. ISBN : 1576079937, ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-06-15. The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language. {{ ??????? ????? }}: ???? ?? ??? |isbn= ??????: ??? ??? ???? ( ?????? )

[13] ttps://books.google.com/books?q=%22Safavid+Persia%22 ???? ?????? 2020-05-15 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[14] ?. ???? ???? ???? (2009). ????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?????) (?. ??????). ??? ???????. ?. 7. ISBN : 9781118014516 .

[15] Helen Chapin Metz. Iran, a Country study . 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.

[16] Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief . University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.

[17] Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

[18] Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire , IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).

[19] "SAFAVID DYNASTY" . Encyclopædia Iranica . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-07-26.

[20] Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.

[21] Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".

[Yar-22] ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????

[Anthony_Bryer_1975-23] Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Turkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"

[24] Peter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' Trebizonde en Colchide ", Speculum , Vol. 45, No. 3 (July 1970), p. 476.

[25] Anthony Bryer, open citation , p. 136.

[26] The writer ??mlu documented the most important of them in his history.

[27] Akiner? Shirin (2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security . Taylor & Francis. ?. 158. ISBN : 978-0-203-64167-5 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-08-15.

[28] Savory, pp. 185?6.

[29] Momen? Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi?i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism . Oxford: G. Ronald. ?. 204 . ISBN : 978-0-85398-201-2 .

[30] Momen? Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi?i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism . Oxford: G. Ronald. ?. 222 . ISBN : 978-0-85398-201-2 .

[31] Momen? Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi?i Islam : the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi?ism . Oxford: G. Ronald. ?. 116 . ISBN : 978-0-85398-201-2 .

[32] Ferrier, R. W.; A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire; pp 71?71.

[33] Blow, p. 173.

[Ferrier;_pp._80-82-34] Ferrier, pp. 80?2.

[35] Blow, p. 170.

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