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[12]
???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????.
???????
[
???
]
- ^
????? (4 ?????? 2019).
"???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? 505 ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????"
.
www.mobtada.com
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2022-11-28
. ???? ???? ??????
2022-04-11
.
- ^
Needham? Joseph (1994).
The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4
. Cambridge University Press. ?. 14.
ISBN
:
9780521329958
.
Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type
- ^
Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph
[???? ????]
(1994)
Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Age
, New York : HarperCollins, (
????
0-06-016590-1
), P 241
- ^
????? ?????
[???? ????]
,
The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward
, The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176?178
- ^
von Polenz, Peter (1991).
Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spatmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einfuhrung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der fruhburgerlichen Zeit
(??????????). New York/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
- ^
He? Zhou (1994).
"Diffusion of Movable Type in China and Europe: Why Were There Two Fates??"
.
International Communication Gazette
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:
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.
- ^
Beckwith? Christopher I. (2009).
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
. Princeton University Press.
ISBN
:
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.
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Printing (publishing)
???
?????? ?????????
Retrieved
- ^
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L.,
The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe
, Cambridge University Press, 1983
- ^
Clair? Kate? Busic-Snyder? Cynthia (2012).
A Typographic Workbook: A Primer to History, Techniques, and Artistry
. John Wiley & Sons. ?. 4.
ISBN
:
978-1-118-39988-0
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2017-03-02.
- ^
Alberge? Dalya (12 ????? 2008).
"Phaistos Disc declared as fake by scholar"
.
?? ?????
. ????? ??
?????
?? 2011-08-09
. ???? ???? ??????
2008-09-01
.
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See "
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