????? ??????? ?????????

?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
????? ??????? ?????????
??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
??????? ????
??????? 26 ????? 1991 - ????
????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P17) في ويكي بيانات
?????? ???????   تعديل قيمة خاصية (P276) في ويكي بيانات
????? ????? - ?????   طالع توثيق القالب

????? ??????? ????????? (??????????: Dagaal Sokeeye Soomal) ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? 1996 . [1] [2] [3] ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????. ???? ???? 1988-1990? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? [4] ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? [5] ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? [4] ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. [6] ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1991. [7]

???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????. [8] ???? ???? 1990-1992 ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. [9] ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 1992? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????. ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ≪ ???? ????? ≫. [10] ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1995? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????. [8] ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ( ??? ) ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????. [11] ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? 1991 ? 1998. [8] ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? 1997 ? 1998. [12]

?? ??? 2000? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? 2004. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2005? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? 2005-07. [13] ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????. [12] ?? ??? 2006? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? 2008 ? 2013. [14]

?? ?????? 2011? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? (≪ ????? ????? ??? ≫) ??????? ???? ??????? [15] ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. [16] ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? 2012. [17] ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 2012? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. [18] ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ≪???? ???≫? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????. [19] [20] [21] [22]

??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? 1935 ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?? ??/????? ??? 1940 ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??/????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ????? ??????/????? ?? ??? 1941 ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? . ?????? ??? ????/?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????/???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? (???? ??????? ?????) ???? ??????? ????????? (????? ?????) ???? ??????? ????????? (??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????). ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ≪??? ???? ????≫ ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? 10,000 ??? ??? ????? ??? 1960.

?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ??? ????? ??????/?????? ?? ??? 1949 ???? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 1960. ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? 1884 ? 1886? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???1897 ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? . ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1956 ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? 1958? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ≪????? ??? ??????≫ ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1977 ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1977 ???? ??? 1991. ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????/????? ??? 1960 ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? 1956 ???? ??? 1960? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (??????) ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? 1967 ???? ??? 1969. ??? ??????? ?? ????/????? ??? 1961 ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? 1960. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????. ??? ??? 1967 ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? 1969???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? 5% ??? 55% ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????.

???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? 1960 ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? 1977 ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? 1963 ???? ??????? ???????? ??? 1964 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ≪??????? ??????≫ ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? 1977 ??? 1991 ???? ????? ?????? ?????: ????? ?? ??????? 1977-1978 ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????????? 1989-1990 .

???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? [ ??? ]

??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? 21 ?????? ??? 1969 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????plzxl.\z

???? ???? ???? ??? (1986-1992) [ ??? ]

????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??? 1 ?????? 1993?.

?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 26 ????? 1991? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? (??????? ??? ???????) ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ??????? (1992-1995) [ ??? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? 1993?.

????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? 733 ? 746 ????? (??????? 1 -UNOSOM 1)???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? 794 ?? 3 ?? ?????? ??? 1992 ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? h ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 30 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? 1993 ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ≪?????? ??????? ???????≫ ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????. ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? 1993 ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ? 24 ???????? ? 19 ?????? (?? ???? 31 ?????? ????? ?? ???????)? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? 3 ?????? 1993 ????? 1000 ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (??19 ??????) ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? 24 ???? 1994 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ????????.??? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????????. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? 3 ???? 1995 ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????.

?? ??? ????? 1995 [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? 1999 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ???? 2000 ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????.

?????? ??????? (1988-2006) [ ??? ]

?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? 1998 ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ? ?? ??? 1998 ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? 1999 ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? 2002 ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 1999. ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????. ? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 2006 ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? 2004 ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????.

???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? 2004 ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? 2006 ??? ?????? ??? 2006 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? 2006 ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? 31 ?????? 2006 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? 2007 ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????.

????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 1991?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????.

??? ??????? (2009-) [ ??? ]

?????? ???????: ??? ??????? (2009-) ?? ????? 2009 ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? 7 ???? /???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ???????.

???? ???? [ ??? ]

????? [ ??? ]

  1. ^ "Kenya ? KDF" . AMIS. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-03-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-05 .
  2. ^ "Conflict Trends (No. 23) Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence, February 2014" (PDF) . ACLED. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2017-10-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2014-03-16 .
  3. ^ Kenya: Seven Oromo Liberation Front Fighters Held in Garissa Allafrica.com ( Daily Nation     [???? ????] ‏), January 6, 2007 [ ???? ?????? ] ???? ?????? 4 ???? 2020 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
  4. ^ ? ? Ken Menkhaus, ' Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa ,' in Andersen/Moller/Stepputat (eds.) , Fragile States and Insecure People,' Palgrave, 2007, 73. ???? ?????? February 22, 2014, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . [ ???? ?????? ]
  5. ^ Legum? Colin (1989). Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 20 . Africa Research Limited. ?. B-394. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-01-25.
  6. ^ Bongartz? Maria (1991). The civil war in Somalia: its genesis and dynamics . Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. ?. 24. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2015-01-25.
  7. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-05-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-10-05 .
  8. ^ ? ? ? Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-11-22 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-02 .
  9. ^ Ken Menkhaus, "Local Security Systems in Somali East Africa," Fragile States and Insecure People , 2007, 73.
  10. ^ Jamal? Ahmad Rashid. "Identifying Causes of State failure: The Case of Somalia" . Universitat Konstanz Politik- und Verwaltungswissenschaften. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-04-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 . ; Fergusson? James (13 ????? 2013). "Somalia: A failed state is back from the dead" . The Independent . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-11-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-18 . ; Anderson? Jon Lee (14 ?????? 2009). "The Most Failed State" . The New Yorker . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-18 .
  11. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2003). "Somalia - Government - Judicial branch" . The World Factbook . Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-10-12 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-18 .
  12. ^ ? ? Menkhaus, FSIP, 2007, 75.
  13. ^ Menkhaus 2007, op. cit., 76.
  14. ^ Messner? J.J. (24 ????? 2014). "Failed States Index 2014: Somalia Displaced as Most-Fragile State" . The Fund for Peace. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-18 .
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  16. ^ United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226
  17. ^ "Kenya ? KDF" . AMIS. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-03-28 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-05 .
  18. ^ "Communique on Secretary-General's Mini-Summit on Somalia" . United Nations. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-10-19 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-18 .
  19. ^ Balthasar? Dominik (19 ?????? 2014). "New Approaches Are Needed for State-Building in Somalia" . Fair Observer. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-02-09 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-26 .
  20. ^ Messner? J. J. (24 ????? 2013). "Failed States Index 2013: What Were You Expecting?" . The Fund for Peace. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2017-11-17 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-06-26 .
  21. ^ "The European Union announces more than €124 million to increase security in Somalia" . European Commissioner. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-01-04 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
  22. ^ Kay? Nicholas. "Somalia's Year of Delivery" . Goobjoog. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2016-03-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-05-22 .
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