??夫文化

??夫文化 （英?： Natufian culture ，?音 / n ? ? t uː f i ? n / ^[1]）是一?在黎凡特地?的 ?石器?代?期考古?文化，?文化??生于距今? 15,000 至 11,500 年前。 ^[2] ??文化?不?常，因??甚至在??被引入前，就已支撑起?著定居或半定居生活的人口。

??夫社群可能是其所在地?最初的新石器?代定居点的建造者的祖先。在位于今 ?利? 上幼?拉底河谷的史前文化考古?址 Tell Abu Hureyra，?据?示?文化有意?植谷物，特?是黑? 。 ^[3] 面包制作?据在 ?旦 ?北部沙漠里?有14,500年?史的 Shubayqa 1 ??址中被??。 ^[4] 此外，在以色列海法附近迦密山的 Raqefet 洞穴中??了古老的?酒制造?据，其?生??可追溯到?13,000年前。 ^[5]^[6]

同?，??文化的人群?利用野生谷物???包括 ?羚在?的?物。 ^[7] 考古???已揭示后期（新石器?代到??器?代）黎凡特人的起源，主要?自?文化之人群，?有大量?自安?托利? ?石?用?代的混合?物。 ^[8]

?考?料 [ ?? ]

^ Natufian . 牛津英??典 (第三版). 牛津大?出版社 . 2005-09 （英?） .
^ Grosman, Leore. The Natufian Chronological Scheme ? New Insights and their Implications . Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, Francois R. (?). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia 1. New York: Berghahn Books. 2013: 622?627 [ 2021-11-14 ] . ISBN 978-1-879621-45-9 . JSTOR j.ctv8bt33h . （原始?容存? 于2022-01-30） –通?JSTOR.
^ Moore, Andrew M. T. ; Hillman, Gordon C. ; Legge, Anthony J. , Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4
^ Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread . BBC. 17 July 2018 [ 17 July 2018] . （原始?容存? 于2020-05-19）.
^ ' World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers . British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018 [ 15 September 2018] . （原始?容存? 于2018-09-15）.
^ ' 13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world . The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018 [ 16 September 2018] . （原始?容存? 于2020-02-16）.
^ Kottak, Conrad P., Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Boston: McGraw-Hill: 155?156, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-289028-0
^ Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songul Alpaslan; Lengyel, Gyorgy; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Bluher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tonjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (PDF) . Nature. 2016, 536 (7617): 419?424 [ 2021-11-14 ] . Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L . PMC 5003663   . PMID 27459054 . doi:10.1038/nature19310 . （原始?容存? (PDF) 于2021-02-12）. Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter? gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus?Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter?gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage. "We used qpAdm (ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. [...] The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."

[1] Natufian . 牛津英??典 (第三版). 牛津大?出版社 . 2005-09 （英?） .

[2] Grosman, Leore. The Natufian Chronological Scheme ? New Insights and their Implications . Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Valla, Francois R. (?). Natufian Foragers in the Levant: Terminal Pleistocene Social Changes in Western Asia 1. New York: Berghahn Books. 2013: 622?627 [ 2021-11-14 ] . ISBN 978-1-879621-45-9 . JSTOR j.ctv8bt33h . （原始?容存? 于2022-01-30） –通?JSTOR.

[Moore2000-3] Moore, Andrew M. T. ; Hillman, Gordon C. ; Legge, Anthony J. , Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-510806-4

[4] Prehistoric bake-off: Scientists discover oldest evidence of bread . BBC. 17 July 2018 [ 17 July 2018] . （原始?容存? 于2020-05-19）.

[5] ' World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers . British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018 [ 15 September 2018] . （原始?容存? 于2018-09-15）.

[6] ' 13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world . The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018 [ 16 September 2018] . （原始?容存? 于2020-02-16）.

[7] Kottak, Conrad P., Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Boston: McGraw-Hill: 155?156, 2005, ISBN 978-0-07-289028-0

[8] Lazaridis, Iosif; Nadel, Dani; Rollefson, Gary; Merrett, Deborah C.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Gamarra, Beatriz; Sirak, Kendra; Connell, Sarah; Stewardson, Kristin; Harney, Eadaoin; Fu, Qiaomei; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Jones, Eppie R.; Roodenberg, Songul Alpaslan; Lengyel, Gyorgy; Bocquentin, Fanny; Gasparian, Boris; Monge, Janet M.; Gregg, Michael; Eshed, Vered; Mizrahi, Ahuva-Sivan; Meiklejohn, Christopher; Gerritsen, Fokke; Bejenaru, Luminita; Bluher, Matthias; Campbell, Archie; Cavalleri, Gianpiero; Comas, David; Froguel, Philippe; Gilbert, Edmund; Kerr, Shona M.; Kovacs, Peter; Krause, Johannes; McGettigan, Darren; Merrigan, Michael; Merriwether, D. Andrew; O'Reilly, Seamus; Richards, Martin B.; Semino, Ornella; Shamoon-Pour, Michel; Stefanescu, Gheorghe; Stumvoll, Michael; Tonjes, Anke; Torroni, Antonio; Wilson, James F.; Yengo, Loic; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Patterson, Nick; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East (PDF) . Nature. 2016, 536 (7617): 419?424 [ 2021-11-14 ] . Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L . PMC 5003663   . PMID 27459054 . doi:10.1038/nature19310 . （原始?容存? (PDF) 于2021-02-12）. Fig. 4. "Our data document continuity across the transition between hunter? gatherers and farmers, separately in the southern Levant and in the southern Caucasus?Iran highlands. The qualitative evidence for this is that PCA, ADMIXTURE, and outgroup f3 analysis cluster Levantine hunter?gatherers (Natufians) with Levantine farmers, and Iranian and CHG with Iranian farmers (Fig. 1b and Extended Data Figs 1, 3). We confirm this in the Levant by showing that its early farmers share significantly more alleles with Natufians than with the early farmers of Iran" Epipaleolithic Natufians were substantially derived from the Basal Eurasian lineage. "We used qpAdm (ref. 7) to estimate Basal Eurasian ancestry in each Test population. We obtained the highest estimates in the earliest populations from both Iran (66±13% in the likely Mesolithic sample, 48±6% in Neolithic samples), and the Levant (44±8% in Epipalaeolithic Natufians) (Fig. 2), showing that Basal Eurasian ancestry was widespread across the ancient Near East. [...] The idea of Natufians as a vector for the movement of Basal Eurasian ancestry into the Near East is also not supported by our data, as the Basal Eurasian ancestry in the Natufians (44±8%) is consistent with stemming from the same population as that in the Neolithic and Mesolithic populations of Iran, and is not greater than in those populations (Supplementary Information, section 4). Further insight into the origins and legacy of the Natufians could come from comparison to Natufians from additional sites, and to ancient DNA from North Africa."

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