穆罕默德·拉希德?夏

穆罕默德·拉希德
Mehmed Rashid Pasha
穆罕默德·拉希德 ; Mehmed Rashid Pasha ; ?夏
?斯曼帝?外交大臣（英? ： Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire) ）
	任期 ; 1875年11月?1876年6月15日
君主	阿卜杜勒-阿??一世
前任	?菲特?夏（英? ： Saffet Pasha ）
?任	?菲特?夏（英? ： Saffet Pasha ）
?斯曼帝?外交大臣（英? ： Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire) ）
	任期 ; 1873年5月15日?1874年5月
君主	阿卜杜勒-阿??一世
前任	?菲特?夏（英? ： Saffet Pasha ）
?任	艾哈?德·阿里菲?夏（英? ： Ahmed Arifi Pasha ）
?利?省（英? ： Syria Vilayet ）瓦利
	任期 ; 1866年8月?1871年9月
前任	阿?德·穆赫利斯?夏
?任	阿卜杜拉提夫·?比?夏
士?那省（英? ： Aidin Vilayet ）瓦利
	任期 ; ? 1862年 ?1866年
?人?料
出生	1824年 ; ?斯曼帝? 埃及省
逝世	1876年6月15日 ; ?斯曼帝? 伊斯坦布?
?籍	?斯曼帝?

穆罕默德·拉希德 ?夏 （鄂圖曼土耳其語： ???? ???? ???? ‎，土耳其語： Mehmed Ra?id Pa?a ，1824年?1876年6月15日），是 ?斯曼帝? 政治家、外交官。他曾在1866年至1871年?任 ?利?省瓦利 ^[1]，?在1870年代?度出任帝?外交大臣（英? ： Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire) ）。拉希德?夏作? 大??? 穆罕默德·艾明·阿里?夏的 ?徒，致力于??推? 坦??特的改革事? ^[2]^[3]。他于1876年6月15日在米德哈特?夏家中?行的一次????上被心?不?的 ?官塞克斯·哈桑 ?伊 ?? ^[4]^[5]。

?考?料 [ ?? ]

^ Abu-Manneh 1992, p. 22.
^ Abu-Manneh 1992, p. 20.
^ Dani?mend 1971, pp. 78, 81?83.
^ Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1876, Volume 16 . New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1886: 761.
^ Reid 2000, pp. 312?313.

文??源 [ ?? ]

Abu-Manneh, Boutros. The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century . Pappe, Ilan (?). The Israel/Palestine Question. New York: Routledge. 1999: 41?51. ISBN 0-415-16947-X .
Abu-Manneh, Butrus. Establishment and Dismantling of the Province of Syria, 1865-1888. Spagnolo, John P. (?). Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani . Ithaca Press. 1992: 7?26. ISBN 0-86372-164-8 .
Burton, I. The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land, Volume 1 . London: Henry S. King and Co. 1876: 99 .
Clarke, Hyde. Ephesus: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Smyrna Literary and Scientific Institution . Smyrna: G. Green, Frank Street and at Constantinople at Messrs Koehler End at Schgimpff. 1863.
Dani?mend, ?smail Hami. Osmanlı devlet erkanı: Sadr-ı-a'zamlar (vezir-i-a'zamlar), ?eyh-ul-islamlar, kapdan-ı-deryalar, ba?-defterdarlar, reı?s-ul-kuttablar . Turkiye Yayınevi. 1971 （土耳其?） .
Farah, Caesar E. The British Challenge to Ottoman Authority in Yemen. Turkish Studies Association Bulletin. Spring 1998, 22 (1): 36?57. JSTOR 43385409 .
Firro, Kais. A History of the Druzes 1 . BRILL. 1992. ISBN 90-04-09437-7 .
Friedman, Isaiah. Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897?1918 2nd. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 1998 [1977]. ISBN 0-7658-0407-7 .
Goksoy, ?smail Hakkı. Ottoman?Aceh Relations as Documented in Turkish Sources . Feener, R. Michael; Daly, Patrick; Reed, Anthony (?). Mapping the Acehnese Past. Leiden: Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies Press. 2011: 65?95. ISBN 978-90-6718-365-9 .
David, Harris. A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year 2nd. Archon Books. 1969 [1936]. ISBN 9780208007926 .
Hill, Peter. Utopia and Civilization in the Arab Nahda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2020. ISBN 9781108491662 .
Hudson, Leila. Transforming Damascus: Space and Modernity in an Islamic City . New York: Tauris Academic Studies. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84511-579-1 .
Issawi, C. The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History . New York: Oxford University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-19-504951-9 .
Kosev, Dimitur (?). Bulgaria Past & Present: Studies on History, Literature, Economics, Sociology, Folklore, Music & Linguistics : Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Bulgarian Studies Held at Druzhba, Varna, June 13-17, 1978 . Sofia: Bulgaria Academy of Sciences. 1982.
Manna, A. Al-Khalidi, Yusuf Diya . Mattar, P. (?). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. New York: Facts on File, Inc. 2000 [ 2022-07-26 ] . ISBN 0-8160-5764-8 . （原始?容存? 于2023-08-05）.
Maynard, Horace. Turkish Empire, Ottoman Porte: No. 331. Mr. Maynard to Mr. Evarts. Legation of the United States, Constantinople, July 19, 1877 [Received September 3, 1877]. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Transmitted to Congress, with the Annual Message of the President . Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, United States Department of State. 3 December 1877 [ 2022-07-26 ] . （原始?容存? 于2022-11-21）.
Palmer, E.H. The Desert of the Exodus: Journeys on Foot in the Wilderness of the Forty Years' Wanderings, Volume 2 . Cambridge: Deighton, Bell And Company. 1871.
Reid, James J. Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839-1878 . Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. 2000 [ 2022-07-26 ] . ISBN 3-515-07687-5 . （原始?容存? 于2022-10-24）.
Rogan, E. Bringing the State Back: The Limits of Ottoman Rule in Transjordan, 1840?1910. Rogan, E.; Tell, Tariq (?). Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan . London: British Academic Press. 1994: 32?57. ISBN 1-85043-829-3 .
Schilcher, L. Schatkowski. The Hauran Conflicts of the 1860s: A Chapter in the Rural History of Modern Syria . International Journal of Middle East Studies. 1981, 13 (2): 159?179. doi:10.1017/S0020743800055276 .
Scholch, Alexander. Palestine in Transformation, 1856?1882: Studies in Social, Economic, and Political Development . Institute for Palestine Studies. 1993. ISBN 0-88728-234-2 .
Sluglett, Peter. Municipalities in the Late Ottoman Empire . Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (?). Syria and Bilad Al-Sham Under Ottoman Rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul Karim Rafeq. Leiden: Brill. 2010: 532?542. ISBN 978-90-04-18193-9 .
Spagnolo, John P. Mount Lebanon, France and Daud Pasha. A Study of Some Aspects of Political Habituation . International Journal of Middle East Studies. April 1971, 2 (2): 148?167. JSTOR 162260 . doi:10.1017/S002074380000101X .
Talhami, Yvette. Conscription among the Nusayris ('Alawis) in the Nineteenth Century. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. June 2011, 38 (1): 23?40. S2CID 159829317 . doi:10.1080/13530194.2011.559001 .

[1] Abu-Manneh 1992, p. 22.

[AbuManneh20-2] Abu-Manneh 1992, p. 20.

[3] Dani?mend 1971, pp. 78, 81?83.

[AACRIE1876-4] Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1876, Volume 16 . New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1886: 761.

[Reid312-313-5] Reid 2000, pp. 312?313.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]