潘?拉的盒子

潘?拉的盒子 （Pandora's box）源自於希臘神? ，是宙斯給潘?拉的神秘盒子，但原本在神話中是壺（Pithos），壺在古希臘中是盛裝食品的器具。

盒子的詞源 [ ?? ]

?譯?「盒子」的單詞在希臘語中實際上是一個大罐子（π?θο?/pithos）。 ^[1]^[2]Pithoi被用於儲存酒、油、穀物或其他食物，或者在儀式上用作埋葬人體的容器，人們相信靈魂會從中逃脫?必然返回。 ^[3]許多學者認?，潘?拉本人是用粘土製成的，與釋放邪惡的陶罐之間有著密切的類比。 ^[4]

pithos的誤譯通常歸因於 16 世紀的人文主義者伊拉斯謨，他在對潘?拉故事的拉丁語描述中將希臘語 pithos 改? pyxis，意思是「盒子」。 ^[5]這個故事出現的背景是伊拉斯謨的諺語集《阿達吉亞》（ Adagia ，1508年），以說明拉丁語諺語 Malo accepto stultus sapit （經歷麻煩使?瓜變得聰明）。在他的版本中，盒子是由厄庇墨透斯打開的，他的名字的意思是「事後思考」??或者正如赫西俄德所說，「犯錯的人變得聰明」。 ^[6]

不同版本的容器 [ ?? ]

尼科洛·德爾·阿巴特，1555年
俄羅斯噴泉，1801年
詹姆斯·吉爾雷政治漫?，1809年
約翰·吉布森（John Gibson）的《潘?拉》，1899 年
約翰·威廉·沃特豪斯，1896年

寓意 [ ?? ]

根據神話，?神之王宙斯要求潘?拉不可以開，但潘?拉不敵好奇心的誘惑，還是??的把盒子打開了，但在盒子裡面裝的是許多不幸的事物。潘?拉打開魔盒後就釋放出往後人世間的所有邪惡??貪?、虛?、誹謗、嫉? 、痛苦、疾病、禍害等等，原本寧靜沒有任何災害動亂的世界開始動?不安起來，此時潘多拉?「希望」（希臘文 Elpis （英? ： Elpis (mythology) ））沒有來得及釋放時，在慌亂中依照宙斯的旨意?緊蓋住盒子，結果盒內只剩希望沒飛出去，永遠鎖在盒內。因此?使人類不斷地受苦受難、遭遇種種挫折和折磨，希望都不會出現。

有說法指潘?拉關住的應該是「預兆」，因?預兆這個災禍被困在盒底，所以人類才擁有希望，不致於活在?望當中；如果潘?拉關住了希望，那?人類世界應該是沒有希望，活在沒有前途、充滿了?滅的世界中。但有說法認?這盒子裡除了裝有不幸的事物之外，同時也裝有友情、愛情等幸福的事物，象徵一切美好的事物都收藏於內，所以潘?拉在蓋上盒子時才留住了希望。

其實「盒子中保存希望」的寓意歷來在學界頗有爭議。如果災禍被釋放出盒子會帶給人類災禍，那希望未被釋放應該是「沒帶給人類希望」，那?這段神話記載的意涵應該是更悲觀的，亦?：本出於善意而想少放一個災禍出去的潘?拉反而誤把「希望」截留下來，人間因此毫無希望。還有?一個問題是，宙斯?何要在盒中一堆災禍裡?入性質不同的「希望」？這又牽涉了其希臘原文「Elpis」的詞意，古希臘這個詞其實可表達「對壞事或好事的期望」。若是「對壞事的期望」，那就是一種讓人容易「擔驚受?」的災禍；但?使當成「對好事的期望」（最接近「希望」），尼采也曾給出最黑暗的?類詮釋：宙斯就是想要人類受盡各種災禍折磨後仍抱持虛假的希望，以致於願意苟延殘喘而繼續遭受折磨。 ^{[來源請求]}

影視作品 [ ?? ]

以下?以潘?拉盒子?主題的影視作品：

《 ??A? 》潘多拉魔盒
《古墓奇兵：風起雲湧》（2003年）
《奪命潘?拉》（2017年）：美國恐怖電影
在該作是????性恐怖的可?暗器。
《假面騎士Build 》（2017年）：日本特攝
在該作是作??役騎士所擁有的?世兵器。
《十二傳說》（2019年）：
香港民俗學?授潘?拉（名字起源于潘?拉的盒子）?突??者傅子博和高?督察易?? 一起?明各?都市??背后不?人知的?相。
《 Fate/kaleid liner 魔法少女☆伊莉雅 3rei 》（2012年）：日本動漫
在該作中是希臘神話?神在神話時代製造的許願機。

參考資料 [ ?? ]

稻葉義明（2007），快醒來?！傳說中的神秘寶物，台北：達觀出版

^ Schlegel and Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" p. 6
^ Meagher 2314, p. 148
^ Cf. Harrison, Jane Ellen, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek history , Chapter II, "The Pithoigia", pp.42-43. Cf. also Figure 7 which shows an ancient Greek pot painting in the University of Jena where Hermes is presiding over a body in a pithos buried in the ground. "In the vase painting in fig.7 from a lekythos in the University Museum of Jena we see a Pithoigia of quite other and solemn booty. A large pithos is sunk deep into the ground. It has served as a grave. ... The vase-painting in fig. 7 must not be regarded as an actual conscious representation of the rupent rite performed on the first day of the Anthesteria. It is more general in content; it is in fact simply a representation of ideas familiar to every Greek, that the pithos was a grave-jar, that from such grave-jars souls escaped and to them necessarily returned, and that Hermes was Psychopompos , Evoker and Revoker of souls. The vase-painting is in fact only another form of the scene so often represented on Athenian white lekythoi , in which the souls flutter round the grave-stele. The grave-jar is but the earlier form of sepulture; the little winged figures, the Keres, are identical in both classes of vase-painting."
^ Cf. Jenifer Neils 2005, p.41 especially: "They ignore, however, Hesiod's description of Pandora's pithos as arrektoisi or unbreakable. This adjective, which is usually applied to objects of metal, such as gold fetters and hobbles in Homer ( Il. 13.37, 15.20 ), would strongly imply that the jar is made of metal rather than earthenware, which is obviously capable of being broken."
^ Meagher 1995, p. 56 . In his notes to Hesiod's Works and Days (p.168) M.L. West has surmised that Erasmus may have confused the story of Pandora with that found elsewhere of a box which was opened by Psyche .
^ William Watson Baker, The Adages of Erasmus , University of Toronto 2001, 1 i 31, p.32

[1] Schlegel and Weinfield, "Introduction to Hesiod" p. 6

[2] Meagher 2314, p. 148

[3] Cf. Harrison, Jane Ellen, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek history , Chapter II, "The Pithoigia", pp.42-43. Cf. also Figure 7 which shows an ancient Greek pot painting in the University of Jena where Hermes is presiding over a body in a pithos buried in the ground. "In the vase painting in fig.7 from a lekythos in the University Museum of Jena we see a Pithoigia of quite other and solemn booty. A large pithos is sunk deep into the ground. It has served as a grave. ... The vase-painting in fig. 7 must not be regarded as an actual conscious representation of the rupent rite performed on the first day of the Anthesteria. It is more general in content; it is in fact simply a representation of ideas familiar to every Greek, that the pithos was a grave-jar, that from such grave-jars souls escaped and to them necessarily returned, and that Hermes was Psychopompos , Evoker and Revoker of souls. The vase-painting is in fact only another form of the scene so often represented on Athenian white lekythoi , in which the souls flutter round the grave-stele. The grave-jar is but the earlier form of sepulture; the little winged figures, the Keres, are identical in both classes of vase-painting."

[4] Cf. Jenifer Neils 2005, p.41 especially: "They ignore, however, Hesiod's description of Pandora's pithos as arrektoisi or unbreakable. This adjective, which is usually applied to objects of metal, such as gold fetters and hobbles in Homer ( Il. 13.37, 15.20 ), would strongly imply that the jar is made of metal rather than earthenware, which is obviously capable of being broken."

[5] Meagher 1995, p. 56 . In his notes to Hesiod's Works and Days (p.168) M.L. West has surmised that Erasmus may have confused the story of Pandora with that found elsewhere of a box which was opened by Psyche .

[6] William Watson Baker, The Adages of Erasmus , University of Toronto 2001, 1 i 31, p.32

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