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法 (印度哲學)

?基百科,自由的百科全?

梵語 ???? dharma 巴利語 ???? dhamma ),音?? 達摩 ,是在 印度 哲學 宗? 中極其重要的一個含義多變的術語。

在傳統印度社會中,法在歷史上已經指稱了各種思想,比如 吠陀 儀式,道德指導、 種姓制度 和民法與刑法。?的最常用含義附屬著兩個基本思想: 社會生活應當通過良好定義或良好調控的等級( varna )來組織,而在某等級內的個人的生活應當組織成確定的階段( ashrama ,參見 dharmasastra )。 [1]

依據各種 印度宗? ,比如 印度? 佛? 耆那? 錫克? ,如法生活的人更快趨向 解脫 (dharma yukam, moksha 或 nirvana )。而不如法(adharma)意味著不和諧、不道德或錯誤(?墮落)。

佛?創始人 佛陀 及耆那?創始人 大雄 的?導和學說,也使用法這個術語。在 佛?哲學 中,法還是含義? 現象 的術語。 [2]

語源 [ ?? ]

法的 梵語 字根來自 dhr- ,意思?保持、支?,?且和 拉丁語 表示堅固、穩定的詞彙 firmus 相關 [3] ,由此得來「?定、公認的慣例」以及「律法」的意思。其源自古老的 吠陀梵語 梨俱吠陀 等),?法?帶有 n- 詞幹 dharman- ,字面意思?承擔者、支?者,而這是指 吠陀宗? 中的重要?念── ?ta 英? ?ta / ? r ? t ? / ; 梵語 ?? ?ta ,秩序、規則、?理)的面向而言 [4] 阿維斯陀語 中表示?實、正確、秩序的詞彙 a??a 英? Asha (??????)??ta的 同源詞 ,在 古波斯語 中?作arta(??????)。

古典梵語 和最?成立的 吠陀書 ── 阿?婆吠陀 ,其?法是 dharma 。而在 普拉克里特諸語言 (古印度俗語)和 巴利語 中的?法則是 dhamma 。在 阿育王詔書 的古石刻文書 坎達哈雙語岩石銘文 英? Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 中,用 古希臘語 eusebeia 英? Eusebeia (ε?σ?βεια,虔誠、靈性的成熟、恭敬神明)和 亞蘭語 q?y?? (?????,?理、?實),來?譯印度的宗?哲學詞彙──法 [5] [6]

印度? [ ?? ]

印度? 的語境中,?意味著一個人的正當義務與責任, [43] 印度宗? 的法受個人的年齡、等級、職業和性別的影響。 [44] 在現代 印度語言 中依賴於語境,?可以簡單的等價於“宗?”。

佛? [ ?? ]

?考文? [ ?? ]

  1. ^ Ainslie Thomas Embree, Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore De Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan. Columbia University Press, 1988, page 215.
  2. ^ David Kalupahana . The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 15-16: "The old Indian term dharma was retained by the Buddha to refer to phenomena or things. However, he was always careful to define this dharma as "dependently arisen phenomena" ( paticca-samuppanna-dhamma ) ... In order to distinguish this notion of dhamma from the Indian conception where the term dharma meant reality ( atman ), in an ontological sense, the Buddha utilized the conception of result or consequence or fruit ( attha , Sk. artha ) to bring out the pragmatic meaning of dhamma ."
  3. ^ Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, Barnhart, R. K., editor (1998).
  4. ^ Day, Terence P. The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature . 1982: 42 -45.  
  5. ^ How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)? . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2018-12-16).  
  6. ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf. Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative . Oxford University Press, USA. 2011: 36?37 [ 2021-05-26 ] . ISBN  978-0-19-539423-8 . (原始?容 存? 于2021-10-31) (英?) .  
  7. ^ ?gveda(Rigveda) - The Veda . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-26).  
  8. ^ ?????? . wiktionary. [ 2021-05-18 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-04-15).  
  9. ^ * Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch . 1925: 56?57 (Sanskrit) .  
  10. ^ Mon - Aksharamukha . [ 2021-05-27 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-27).  
  11. ^ * Ahom - Aksharamukha . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-26).  
  12. ^ Tai Tham Ad-hoc Meeting Report (PDF) . [ 2021-06-14 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2020-10-09).  
  13. ^ Denise Cush; Michael York; Catherine Robinson. Encyclopedia of Hinduism . 2012: 455 [ 2021-06-14 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-14). For instance, if we find Hindi speakers talking of dharm, Bengalis of dhormo, and Tamils of tharumam, it is useful to know that these are all tatsama forms of the same Sanskrit word dharma.  
  14. ^ * File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg . [ 2021-05-28 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-08-31).  
  15. ^ * 義淨. 梵語千字文 (東京東洋文庫本) . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-18).  
  16. ^ * Anshuman Pandey. Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode (PDF) . [ 2021-05-28 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2021-01-21).  
  17. ^ Shriramana Sharma. Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil (PDF) . [ 2021-06-10 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2021-06-10).  
  18. ^ Dieter Maue. Non-Indian Br?hm? scripts along the Silk Roads . 2010 [ 2021-06-04 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-04).  
  19. ^ * Bali lontar - Palm Leaf Wiki . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-03-05).  
  20. ^ Javanese character notes - r12a . [ 2021-05-27 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-27).  
  21. ^ 吳昭新. 新編台灣?南語用字彙編 (PDF) . [ 2021-06-17 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2021-05-05). 達:tat 8 ……無、?、摩、磨:moo 5  
  22. ^ ta?t 的發音: moo 的發音:
  23. ^ * Georgios T. Halkias. When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures . [ 2021-06-07 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-07). Greco-Bactrian inscription at Ja?atu, afghanistan, of the sanskrit refuge formula to the “three-jewels”  
  24. ^ Budhist Terminology in Sogdian (PDF) . [ 2021-06-04 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2021-08-31).  
  25. ^ Georgios T. Halkias. When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures . 2014 [ 2021-06-02 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2019-06-07). In later bilingual Indian-Greek coins, dharma is equated with the Greek word dik? (δ?κη), right or justice and is not restricted to eusebeia (ε?σ?βεια).  
  26. ^ * UNESCO Staff. History of Civilizations of Central Asia . 1994: 400 [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-26).  
  27. ^ Michael Peyrot. Points of Tocharian Agramma (PDF) . [ 2021-06-04 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2021-06-04).  
  28. ^ Tocharian word of the week: "dharma " .  
  29. ^ Mauro Maggi. A folio of the Ratnak??a (K??yapaparivarta) in Khotanese . 法鼓佛學學報. 2015 [ 2021-06-05 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-06).  
  30. ^ The Turkic Peoples of Central Asia and Buddhism . [ 2021-06-04 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-04). Tremblay made the point that both the Uyghur and the Manichaean Sogdian terms were independently copied from spoken Buddhist Sogdian. The frequent usage of nwm for Skt. dharma instead of the Buddhist Sogdian loanword δrm in Uyghur Buddhist texts would point in the same direction: nwm  
  31. ^ * Peter Zieme. The first leaf of an Old Uyghur 觀無量壽經 Guanwuliangshoujing translation . Written Monuments of the Orient. 2020 [ 2021-06-05 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-05).  
  32. ^ Edited by Khulan D. English-Mongolian Buddhist Glossary . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-26).  
  33. ^ 莊吉發. 國立故宮博物院典藏《大藏經》滿文譯本?究 . 東方宗??究. 1990 [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-02-27). 「法輪」,滿文譯作"nomun i kurdun"……「而?沙門,受佛法者」,滿文譯作"fucihi i nomun be aliha sarmana" ,意?「受佛法之沙門」  
  34. ^ 西夏文 - 古今文字集成 . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-21).  
  35. ^ * Heleen Plaisier. 3. Unravelling Lepcha manuscripts . [ 2021-06-02 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-28). In the titles of Lepcha works......cho (book, learning)......These designations are obviously direct loans from equivalent categories in Tibetan literature......Chos......Indeed, a Lepcha book, referred to as cho, typically conveys a canonical message  
  36. ^ * 臺灣?南語常用詞辭典 - 法 . [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-26).  
  37. ^ David Wharton. Language, Orthography and Buddhist Manuscript Culture of the Tai Nuea ? An Apocryphal J?taka Text in Mueang Sing, Laos . University of Passau. 2018: 240 [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-02-04).  
  38. ^ Stephen Morey. Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and loss in North East India (PDF) . Language Documentation & Conservation. 2014, 7 [ 2021-06-20 ] . (原始?容 存? (PDF) 于2017-11-14).  
  39. ^ Marseille, Carmen Eva. Shan-Ni grammar and processes of linguistic change . 2019: 34 [ 2021-05-26 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-05-26).  
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 * d'Hubert, Thibaut. A Persian Account of the Religious Customs of the Magh (Arakanese) from Early Colonial Bengal . Iranian Studies. 2018 [ 2021-06-03 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-03). By the blessing of T?r? (i.e Dharma)......The term t?r? transcribes the Arakanese/Burmese tar??, which may be translated as "precept"or "law". This is the same term used by the Chakmas to designate the ritual texts called ?gar t?r?, that the Luris used to recite on various occasions.  
  41. ^ Vinodh Rajan. Aksharamukha : Script Converter . [ 2021-06-01 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-07-05).  
  42. ^ polyhedron. 做了一個滿文阿禮?禮的輸入法 . [ 2021-05-31 ] . (原始?容 存? 于2021-06-03).  
  43. ^ Carol Henderson Garcia Culture and customs of India . 2002, page 31
  44. ^ Brodd, Jefferey. World Religions . Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. 2003. ISBN  978-0-88489-725-5 .