??????????? ( ?????????? : Portugal ‏ [pu?tu??a?] ), ??????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ( ?????????? : Republica Portuguesa ), ??? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????-???? ???????? . ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ????? ????????? ?????????? , ????? ??? ?????? , ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? 1,214 ???, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????.

???? ?????????? ??? ??????? .

??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? . ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? , ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? . ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????.

??? ??? 838 ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????????. ??? ??? 1139 ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? . ??? ?? 15?? ??? 16?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????-????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ,‏ ^[1] ‏ ^[2] ‏ ^[3] ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????.

??? 1755 ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????, ??? 1822 ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? 1828 ??? 1828 ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????.

???????? [ ?????????? | ?????????? ??????????? ]

?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? 219 ??? ??? ???????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? . ?? ?????????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????.

??? ?????? ????? 5?? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????????.

??? ??? 711 ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? 1249. ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? 750 ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????.

??? 1910 ??? ???????? ??????? ? ????????. ??? 1926 ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? 1974, ???? ? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ??????????.

??? 1975 ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????: ???????? , ?????? , ????-????? , ?? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????? .

???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? 1986.

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?? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????: ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? . ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? 32º ??? 43ºN, ??? ?? ?????????? 32º ??? 6ºW.

????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? , ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? , ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????.

??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? . ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????????, ???? 2,351 ?????.

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??? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ??????????? ??????. ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????.

???????? ?????? ?????? 2500 ??? 3200 ???'? ??? ? ???.

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???????? ??? ? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??? 1976 ??? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? , ?? ?????? ????. ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????: ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????????, ?? ????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????.

??? ?????????, ???? ??? ??? ??????????, ????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???; ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? . ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? 230 ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? (????? ??????? ??????) ??? ????????? ??? ???????????????.

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??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????????. ??? ?????? ?????, ??????, ?????? (??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????), ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ???????? , ?????? , ??? , ????? , ?????? ???????? , ????? ??? ???????????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????, ????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ????? , ????? , ??????? ??? ??? .

??? 1986 ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? , ??? ??? 1999 ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? (€) ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????. ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ??? ???????????.

???????? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? . ???? ????????? ?? ????? , ??? , ??????? ??? ???????? .

???????? ??? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????.

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???????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ? ???????? ??? 13 ?????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???. ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ??????, ???????, ?????? ??? ????? .

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???????? ??? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

??????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? , ????? , ???? ??? ????? .

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???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????-????????? ???????? ??????. ??? 2008 ??? ???????? ????????? 43% ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????.

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????? ?????? ??? 2011 ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? 10,562,178 (??? ??? 48% ????? ??? 52% ??????). ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ( ?????????? ) ??? ???? ????? ( ?????????? ). ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ? ???????? ????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????? , ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????.

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?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? 12?? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? , ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? 1492, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? , ??? ??? ???????? 150,000 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? 1521 ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? , ???????? , ????????? , ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? , ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????.

??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? .

??? ????? ??????????? ????? 21??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? 750 ????, ??????? ??? ??????.

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???????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????????.

?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? .

???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? , ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? 17??? ??? ??? ?????.

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??? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ????? 16?? ??????????. ? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????.

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??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? (1465-153). ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? (1524-1580) ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? Os Lusiadas (?? ???????). ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??? 1998.

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?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????.

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