?????
Þorr
|
---|
![Thor cầm búa tầm sét cưỡi xe dê.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thor_%28Walhall%29.png/292px-Thor_%28Walhall%29.png) Thor c?m bua t?m
set
c??i xe
de
.
|
đ?ng quan phong cong li, ngh? l?c va huy?t th?ng
|
Ng? t?i
| Bilskirnir
|
---|
Bi?u t??ng
| Cay s?i
,
bua
,
s?ng
,
mong
,
gia suc
|
---|
V?, ch?ng
| Sif
|
---|
B? m?
| Gi?i t? nhien
|
---|
Anh ch? em
| Thanh Olaf
|
---|
Con cai
| ?
|
---|
Nui
| Valh?ll
|
---|
T??ng ?ng th?n tho?i La Ma
| Jupiter
,
Zeus
,
Ba?al
,
Ba?al Z?vuv
, [...]
|
---|
|
Thor
(
ti?ng B?c Au c?
:
Þorr
,
Thorr
, "loi th?n") la m?t
th?n nhan
tr? danh trong h? th?ng
th?n tho?i B?c Au
va trong
c?u giao German
.
[1]
[2]
Tin ni?m c? trung đ?i
Au chau
th??ng hinh dung la m?t nam t? l?c l??ng c?m
bua
b?o h? cac hi?n t??ng s?m ch?p, may m?a, gio bao,
cay t?
, cung nh?ng ph?m cach nam tinh nh? s?c voc, gi?ng noi, đ?c cong chinh va nh?t la kh? n?ng sinh s?n.
[3]
Ngoai ten
Þorr
trong
ti?ng B?c Au c?
, Thor con co cac ten khac trong
ti?ng Anh c?
la
Þunor
va trong
ti?ng đ?c c?
la
Donar
(ch? rune : ?????
þonar
).
[4]
T?t c? cac hinh th?c ten c?a Thor đ?u b?t ngu?n t?
ti?ng German nguyen th?y
Þunraz
(ngh?a la
s?m set
). T?c danh th?n Thor nh?m g?i y đ?n chi?c
s?ng
, v?n la bi?u t??ng nguyen th?y c?a s?m ch?p va cay
s?i
thieng trong tin ng??ng dan gian
B?c Au
.
[5]
[6]
[7]
Theo truy?n th?ng, Thor đ??c coi la th?n co v? tri h?u nh? ngang hang v?i chua t?
Odin
, vi co th? th?i th??ng c? ch?a phan bi?t hai v? th?n nay. Tuy nhien, vi tinh cach can qu?y va th??ng ph?m sot l?m nen Thor khong đ??c ng?i trong đ?i đi?n
Asgarðr
ma ph?i phieu b?t đi kh?p th? gian. C?ng theo c? th?, th?n Thor th??ng c??i m?t c? xe do hai con
de
keo t? luc binh minh đ?n khi s?m t?i. Ban đem, Thor x? th?t chung ma ?n, sau đo b? x??ng vao t?m da, đ?n s?m hom sau
de
l?i h?i nguyen. Chi?c bua c?a Thor đ??c g?i la
Mjollnir
("ch?p gi?t"),
[8]
con ng? cung Thor la
Bilskirnir
("set đanh").
[9]
[10]
Ngoi nha th?n Thor n?m d??i chan nui
Asgarðr
, ch? nay đ??c g?i la
Þruðvangr
[11]
("canh đ?ng s?c m?nh"), đ? gi? cho th?n đi?n
Asgarðr
khong b? yeu ma qu?y nhi?u.
[12]
C?ng theo nh?ng đi?u tra
xa h?i h?c
c?p khu v?c t?i
C?ng hoa Dan ch? đ?c
va
Lien bang Soviet
th?p nien 1950 va 1960,
[13]
[14]
? giai đo?n ti?n
C? đ?c
, ?u đ?ng va n? l?u
B?c
-
đong Au
th??ng xuyen đeo trang s?c hinh l??i
riu
, đ?ng th?i me c?a cac ngoi nha c?ng treo m?t vai l??i
riu
kh? nh?, ma m?c đich la t?ch ta.
[15]
[16]
[17]
Chi?c
bua
c?ng đ??c coi la bi?u t??ng quy?n uy c?a cac l?nh chua va quan v??ng ti?n
C? đ?c
, v? sau đ??c cac đ?i
hoang đ?
va
sa hoang
coi lam m?t trong nh?ng nguyen li hi?n than c?a quy?n l?c c?ng nh? s? thao tung l?nh th?. đ?n ngay nay, nh?ng hoa v?n l??i
riu
v?n la net khong th? thi?u trong trang ph?c dan t?c ? nhi?u qu?c gia
Au chau
.
[18]
[19]
Trong quan ni?m t?ng ph? t?i rieng nhanh
B?c Au
, hinh m?u Thor th??ng đ?i l?p v?i
Loki
đ? bi?u th? cu?c đ?u tranh tr??ng ki gi?a l? cong chinh va s? gian gi?o.
[20]
Ngoai ra, chuy?n phieu l?u tren bi?n đanh th?y quai
J?rmungandr
co y ngh?a phe binh cu?c c?nh tranh sinh t?n c?a nhan lo?i trong
t? nhien
kh?c nghi?t.
[21]
- Mjollnir
Theo bai thuy?t trinh c?a nha
dan t?c h?c
[22]
Hilda Ellis Davidson
vao n?m 1965, bi?u t??ng
H?a Th?p T?
[23]
[24]
[25]
(卍 ho?c ?) đ??c tim th?y trong cac di tich
kh?o c? h?c
vung v?n hoa
German
nguyen la bi?u th? l??i t?m set c?a đ?ng Þorr.
[26]
No khong thu?n tuy ch? hi?n di?n trong cac ph?m v?t ? xac thuy?n
Viking
trung đ?i
ma th?m chi co ?
B?c Phi
va
Trung đong
, la nh?ng n?i co m?t giai đo?n
l?ch s?
ti?p xuc v?i v?n hoa
Vandal
.
“
|
The protective sign of the hammer was worn by women, as we know from the fact that it has been found in women's graves. It seems to have been used by the warrior also, in the form of the swastika. [...] Primarily it appears to have had connections with light and fire, and to have been linked with the sun-wheel. It may have been on account of Thor's association with lightning that this sign was used as an alternative to the hammer, for it is found on memorial stones in Scandinavia besides inscriptions to Thor. When we find it on the pommel of a warrior's sword and on his sword-belt, the assumption is that the warrior was placing himself under the Thunder God's protection.
|
”
|
? H. E. Davidson
[27]
[28]
|
Trong th?c t?, đ?a v? Þorr cang v? sau cang nang len, đ?c đi?m đo co t? l? thu?n v?i xu h??ng
th?c dan
hoa c?a cac dan
Viking
? m?t ki
La Ma
đ? qu?c. Cac dan d? giao
B?c Au
noi chung đa co giai đo?n r?t dai suy ton Þorr la t?i linh th??ng đ?ng ph??c th?n,
[29]
[30]
[31]
nh?ng khi b?t đ?u ti?p nh?n
C? đ?c giao
đa kheo k?t h?p cac đ?c thu c?u giao v?i tan giao.
[32]
[33]
Theo ba
Hilda Ellis Davidson
, v?n đ? nay xet cho cung la t?t y?u.
[34]
[35]
“
|
T?c th? cung Þorr suy cho cung la ??c nguy?n an c? l?c nghi?p c?ng nh? h?nh phuc cho gia đinh va c?ng đoan. G?m c? s? sinh soi
hoa mau
tren cac đ?ng đ?t, cho d?u đoi khi Þorr c?ng đ??c hinh dung la bi?u t??ng
bao
trong huy?n tho?i, nh?ng c?ng v?n n?m trong y th?c duy tri gi?ng noi va b?o v? mua v?. Sang đ?n th?i hi?n t?i, nh?ng
riu
đa nh? truy?n t? đ?i x?a v?n la bi?u th? y th?c duy tri ti?m n?ng sinh s?n, va nong dan v?n th??ng b? vao l? sau khi dung may cay đ? c?u co đ??c h?t gi?ng tr? bong khi vao xuan. Bi tich hon ph?i c?a nam th?n Thor va n? th?n Sif Toc Vang cho d?u it ph? bi?n trong huy?n s? nh?ng d??ng nh? la ki ?c t?i c? v? cu?c
thanh hon
gi?a cha tr?i va m? đ?t, ma c?n bao chinh la ch?t xuc tac mang m?a đ?n cho đ?ng r?ng them mau. Cho nen, c? Thor va Odin đ?u la nh?ng đ?ng t?i linh cao tr?ng đ??c vi la chua t? b?u tr?i va ton th? cho đ?n su?t
th?i đ? đ?ng
.
|
”
|
? H. E. Davidson
[36]
|
Thor la m?t v? th?n n?i b?t đ??c nh?c đ?n trong su?t l?ch s? c?a
cac dan t?c German
, t? cac vung
Germania
đ? qu?c La Ma chi?m đong
đ?n cac vung di c? c?a ng??i German trong
Th?i k? Di c?
, đ?n s? ph? bi?n c?a anh trong
Th?i đ?i Viking
. Khi đ?i di?n v?i qua trinh
truy?n đ?o Ki-to giao ? Scandinavia
, bi?u t??ng co hinh chi?c bua c?a anh,
Mjolnir
, đ??c m?c va ten cac v? th?n trong
ton giao B?c Au c?
bao g?m ten c?a Thor đa ch?ng minh cho s? ph? bi?n c?a anh.
Do b?n ch?t c?a t?p sao l?c German, chuy?n k? v? Thor trong
th?n tho?i B?c Au
la đ??c ch?ng nh?n duy nh?t trong ti?ng B?c Au c?. Th?n tho?i B?c Au, ph?n l?n đ??c ghi chep ?
Iceland
trong tai li?u lam t? nhien li?u truy?n th?ng co ngu?n g?c t? Scandinavia, k? nhi?u cau chuy?n v? Thor. Trong nh?ng ngu?n nay, Thor co it nh?t
15
cai ten khac nhau. Anh la ch?ng c?a n? th?n toc vang
Sif
, la ng??i yeu c?a
jotunn
Jarnsaxa
, va th??ng đ??c mo t? la co m?t hung d?,
toc đ?
va rau đ?.
[37]
Nh?ng chuy?n k? v? th?n Thor ch? y?u v? vi?c ong tieu di?t c? nhan, nh?ng ong c?ng co yeu m?t co kh?ng l? ten la Jarnsaxa va co m?t đ?a con trai v?i co nay ten la Magni. Do la con lai c?a Thor v?i ng??i kh?ng l?, c?u Magni nay khi m?i 3 ngay tu?i đa m?nh h?n cha minh.
Snorri Sturluson
co k? m?t chuy?n trong cu?n
Edda
b?ng v?n xuoi r?ng khi ten vo đ?ch c?a b?n kh?ng l? la Hrungnir t?i
Asgard
đ? gay s?, Thor đang đi v?ng, nen cac v? th?n s? h?n va m?i vao u?ng r??u. Hrungnir noi khoac r?ng h?n s? gi?t h?t cac v? th?n va d? noc
Valhalla
đem v?. Ch? co n? th?n Freya la đ? can đ?m đ? đ?ng rot r??u cho ten kh?ng l? đ? cau gi?. H?n l?i noi khoac r?ng s? u?ng c?n r??u c?a cac v? th?n, sau đo s? b?t Freya va Sif, v? th?n Thor đem v?. đung luc đo, Thor tr? v?, nh?ng ten kh?ng l? thach đ?u tay đoi v?i ong, vi th? Thor đ? h?n đi. B?n c? nhan h?p s?c l?i đ? n?n ra m?t ten kh?ng l? b?ng đa cao đ?n 9 d?m, nh?ng chung khong tim đ??c m?t trai tim đ? to, nen l?y m?t trai tim c?a con ng?a cai đ?t vao. Khi Thor c??i c? xe de đ?n đ?u tr??ng, ten kh?ng l? đa co trai tim nhat gan nen b? ch?y m?t. Thor qu?ng bua set đanh Hrungnir, con ten kh?ng l? qu?ng m?t c?p s?ng len đanh Thor. Chi?c bua đ?ng ph?i cai s?ng v?ng m?t, nh?ng m?t m?nh v? c?a cai s?ng đanh trung đ?u Thor. Th?n Thor nga t? tren tr?i xu?ng, va Hrungnir chu?n b? gi?t ong thi cai bua r?i xu?ng, đanh trung ten kh?ng l?. Nh?ng xac ch?t c?a h?n đe trung Thor, va ong khong th? đ?ng d?y. Khi cac v? th?n keo đ?n, khong ai đ? s?c đ? nh?c xac ten kh?ng l? d?y, cho đ?n khi con trai 3 ngay tu?i c?a Thor la Magni đ?n va nh?c len b?ng m?t tay.
"Oi, th?t la m?t co dau đang yeu!" (1902) b?i
Elmer Boyd Smith
.
M?t cau chuy?n khac n?i ti?ng c?a th?n Thor đ??c ghi l?i trong bai th? c? "Bai ca c?a Thrymr". M?t hom th?n Thor th?c gi?c va th?y cay bua th?n c?a minh đa bi?n m?t. Ong cung
Loki
đ?n Folkvang đ? m??n chi?c ao choang long o c?a n? th?n Freya. Loki dung chi?c ao đ? bi?n thanh m?t con o đi tim chi?c bua. Khi g?p Thrymr, la vua c?a ng??i kh?ng l? tuy?t, h?n noi r?ng chinh h?n đa chom chi?c bua set c?a Thor. Thrymr noi r?ng h?n vo cung giau co, va co đ? m?i th? chau bau tren đ?i, ch? mu?n m?t đi?u duy nh?t la c??i n? th?n Freya lam v?, n?u đ??c, h?n s? tr? l?i cay bua. Loki tr? l?i thien đinh va đ?n noi v?i Freya, nh?ng v? n? th?n n?i gi?n loi đinh khi?n nha c?a rung chuy?n. Th?n
Heimdall
sau đo g?i y r?ng Thor nen bi?n gi? thanh Freya va đ?n đam c??i đ? l?y l?i cay bua. Th? la Thor m??n chi?c vong c? c?a Freya, va đi cung Loki đ?n vung đ?t c?a b?n kh?ng l?, c?i trang thanh Freya va co h?u gai. Thrymr r?t m?ng va t? ch?c ti?c c??i th?t to, m?i toan b? ba con đ?n d?, nh?ng ngay l?p t?c b? s?c vi "Freya" ?n nguyen m?t con bo, tam con ca h?i va u?ng c?n 3 thung r??u. Loki trong l?t co h?u gai v?i noi r?ng Freya đa khong ?n trong 8 ngay vi qua lo l?ng cho đam c??i. Thrymr l?i len nhin "Freya", nh?ng ch? th?y m?t c?p m?t r?c l?a. Loki trong l?t co h?u gai v?i noi r?ng Freya đa khong ng? trong 8 ngay vi qua lo l?ng cho đam c??i. Cu?i cung thi Thrymr c?ng đ?a cho "Freya" chi?c bua, va th?n Thor l?t b? l?p c?i trang, va dung chi?c bua đ? gi?t toan b? gia đinh c?a ten vua kh?ng l?.
K? thu s? m?t c?a th?n Thor la
Jormungandr
, con r?n kh?ng l?, con c?a Loki. ?
Ragnarok
, Thor gi?t đ??c con r?n, nh?ng tr??c khi ch?t no phun n?c đ?c vao ng??i ong va Thor ch? đi đ??c 9 b??c r?i ch?t. Hai con trai c?a Thor la Modi va Magni nh?t đ??c chi?c bua th?n c?a cha va tr? thanh th?n set.
Theo cac kh?o sat kho?ng giai đo?n
Chi?n tranh L?nh
, khong gian ti?p nh?n v?n hoa th? Þorr th??ng c? ch? loanh quanh khu v?c
Scandza
,
[38]
[39]
[40]
g?n t??ng h?p v?i đ?a ban
Nam Th?y đi?n
va
đan M?ch
hi?n đ?i. No bao g?m c? hai hon đ?o co y ngh?a r?t tr?ng đ?i đ?i v?i nganh
kh?o c? h?c
la
Rugen
[41]
(R?jana, R?na) va
Bornholm
[42]
[43]
[44]
(Burgundaholmr) - nh?ng di ch? phong phu nh?t c?a qu?n th? kh?o c?
d? giao
ti?n
C? đ?c
.
[45]
[46]
Ng?u t??ng Þorr b?ng g?
s?i
t?i Vi?n b?o tang quan s? Th?y đi?n.
Tuy nhien, b?t đ?u t? giai đo?n
đ? qu?c La Ma
s?p co d?u hi?u suy vong, cac man l?n l??t la
Celtic
,
Goth
,
German
,
Saxon
va cu?i cung la
Viking
đa đem t?c nay ph? r?ng ra toan
Au chau
, th?m chi t?p nhi?m vao nhi?u ch?ng t?c
B?c A
, sang đ?n t?n
B?c Phi
va
Trung đong
.
[47]
Qua trinh nay di?n ra t? nhien lien t?c va tr?i dai nhi?u th? k? khi?n cho v?n hoa th? Þorr khong thu?n tuy ? vi?c th? cung m?t v? th?n c? th? n?a ma đa tr? thanh nguyen li xa h?i ph? thong. Co l? k? t? Þorr, cac s?c t?c
trung đ?i
t?i
Au l?c
đa ti?p bi?n thanh nh?ng v? th?n đ?c thu cho dan minh, khi?n cho đa co m?t kho?ng th?i gian t?
th? k? IV
đ?n
th? k? XIII
, phong t?c th? cung loi th?n di?n ra h?t s?c phong phu va soi đ?ng t?i đ?a ban
Au chau
va ch? th?c s? chim d?n sau cac th?i ki
H?c T? B?nh
,
Mong C? xam l?ng
va nh?t la n?n
s?n phu th?y
.
[48]
Tuy v?y, trong cac n?m cao trao cach m?ng dan t?c
Au chau
th? k? XIX
, đa co nhi?u tac gia, h?c gi? va nh?c s? tim cach ph?c h?ng
d? giao
c? đ?i
(th??ng g?i c?u giao đ? phan bi?t v?i
C? đ?c
) lam c? s? hinh thanh nen b?n s?c que h??ng minh.
[49]
Theo th?i v?n đo, t?c th? loi th?n Þorr l?i tr?i d?y, t? ch? manh nha trong cac c?ng đoan
Tin Lanh
nh? ?
B?c Au
,
Trung Au
,
Nam Au
đa lan ra thanh hi?n t??ng xa h?i khi?n
Toa Thanh
ph?i khong it l?n rung chuong c?nh bao.
[50]
[51]
V?n đ? cang nghiem tr?ng h?n khi l?i s?ng
tan t? do
hippie
,
bohemian
r?m r? trong gi?i tr?
th?p nien 1970
: Nhi?u thanh nien nam n? đa m??n cac sinh ho?t l?a tr?i k?t h?p khieu v? đ? th?c hanh d? đoan th? ng?u t??ng th?n s?m hong "tr? thu đ?i, ch?i b? th? gi?i cong nghi?p hoa".
[52]
[53]
Nhi?u nha nghien c?u
xa h?i h?c
đa ch? trich nh?ng ho?t đ?ng nay la bi?u hi?n c?a s? tha hoa trong hinh thai xa h?i coi tr?ng v?t ch?t h?n tinh th?n,
[54]
[55]
[56]
nghiem tr?ng h?n n?a la thach đ? quy?n uy c?a thanh h?i
C? đ?c
, th?m chi la bi?u hi?n cao c?a
ch? ngh?a dan t?c c?c đoan
hanh ti?n.
[57]
[58]
[59]
- Parjanya
Parjanya
(
ti?ng Ph?n
:
???????
) theo kinh
V? đa
la đ?ng t?i linh co kh? n?ng ban m?a moc, s?m set va bon phan cho đ?t.
[60]
[61]
Parjanya co vai tro nh? m?t hoa than khac c?a
Indra
, th?n t? tr? b?u gi?i va coi thieng.
Theo cac ki thu?t c? đ?i, Parjanya hi?n linh trong hinh tr?ng cai b?u
vu
con bo cai, con s?m set chinh la num
vu
, v?y nen dong
s?a
chinh la ?n m?a moc cho m?t đ?t xanh them. Ti?ng đi?n quang chinh la khi con bo r?ng, va luc ?y nh?ng m?i ten hay lau s?y s? đ?m ch?i theo m?a.
[62]
- Perun
Cac m?u v?n th?n tich Þorr tr?c ti?p la c? s? hinh thanh t?c th?
Perun
(
ti?ng Slav đong c?
:
Перунъ
,
ti?ng Ukraina
:
Перун
,
ti?ng Belarus
:
Пярун
;
ti?ng Ba Lan
:
piorun
≪гром≫
[63]
) ? c?ng đ?ng
Slav
.
[64]
Tuy nhien, trong th?n ph?
Trung Au
,
Nam Au
va
đong Au
, Perun đ??c ton lam th??ng th?n va co nhi?u ch?c n?ng h?n Þorr. Theo th? gi?i quan
Slav
trung đ?i
, Perun la đ?ng t? tr? b?u tr?i, s?m ch?p, m?a bao,
phap lu?t
,
chi?n tranh
va đ?c bi?t la cay
s?i
thieng. Cac thu?c tinh Perun bao g?m : L?a, nui, gio,
hoa dien v?
,
chim ?ng
,
ki?n khon
,
ng?a
,
xe
,
bua
,
riu
,
cung ten
, s?ng, mong,
đa
.
[65]
[66]
Theo tr? tac
De Bello Gothico
c?a s? gia
Procopius
th? k? VI
, cac dan
Slav
th??ng cung hi?n m?t con
bo
ngay d??i g?c
s?i
gia đ? xin đ?ng Perun quan phong.
[67]
Trong k? nguyen đ?nh th?nh, t?c th? Perun th??ng xuyen ch?u s? c?nh tranh c?a th?n t??ng
Veles
(đ?ng b?o h?
suc sinh
).
[68]
[69]
[70]
Vao n?m 980,
Volodymyr
đ?i v??ng khi đ?ng c? ?
Kyiv
đa cho d?ng đ?i phu đieu ng? th?n ngay tr??c th?m đ?i đi?n, ma Perun la t?i cao. Th? nh?ng, trong th?i gian c?m chinh, ong nh?n ra r?ng cac
boyar
ch? d?a vao t?p quan cung hi?n Perun đ? ?n ch?i h??ng l?c, khi?n cho chinh tr? r?t đinh đ?n. V?y nen, vao n?m 988,
Volodymyr
ra l?nh pha t?t c? ng?u t??ng Perun trong khu v?c
Kyiv
, đ?ng th?i d?ng m?t thanh đ??ng
C? đ?c
ngay tren n?n th?n đi?n Perun v?a đ??c d? b?. S? ki?n nay đanh d?u giai đo?n suy thoai c?a t?c th? Perun va
đong Au
chinh th?c b??c sang k? nguyen
Chinh Th?ng giao
.
[71]
[72]
Nh?ng v?t tich cu?i cung c?a t?p quan nay ch? t?n t?i đ?n kho?ng
th? k? XV
thi c? b?n la tieu bi?n.
[73]
Trong nh?ng n?m h?u
đ? nh? Th? chi?n
, cac chinh ph?
To Lien
,
đong đ?c
va
Ba Lan
đi tien phong trong vi?c kh?o c?u di ch?
d? giao
th??ng c?. Chinh ph?
C?ng hoa Dan ch? đ?c
đa h? l?nh đ?c bi?t bi?n h?i đ?o
Rugen
thanh khu b?o t?n v?n hoa
d? giao
. Tr??c khi
b?c t??ng Berlin
s?p đ?, khu v?c nay ch? cho phep chuyen gia ho?c đoan kh?o sat qu?c t? đ??c tham nh?p. Cac giao trinh ph? thong va đ?i h?c
đong Au
c? c?ng li?t
đong đ?c
vao khong gian v?n hoa g?i la Tay
Slav
, trong khi
Tay đ?c
l?i thu?c v? v?n hoa
German
.
[74]
Vi?c nay noi len y th?c khoan dung phi th??ng đ?i v?i tin ng??ng ti?n
C? đ?c
t?i c?ng đ?ng
xa h?i ch? ngh?a
đong Au
, tuy nhien l?i c?ng la kh?i ngu?n cho trao l?u ph?c h?ng
d? giao
gay nhi?u h? l?y x?u đ?i v?i xa h?i
Slav
h?u
c?ng s?n
.
[75]
H?ng n?m, di ch?
nui Tr?c
t?i
Ky?v
va nhi?u đ?a ph??ng
Ba Lan
,
Belarus
,
Nga
th??ng xuyen di?n ra nh?ng ho?t đ?ng cung t? Perun ki?u
d? giao
c?a gi?i tr?. Phong trao nay th??ng đ??c g?i la "sung bai Tolkien", vi phat sinh r?m r? sau khi lo?t truy?n va phim
Chua nh?n
gay bao truy?n thong hoan v?.
[76]
[77]
-
Perun th??ng đ??c t?c la nam nhan co đoi chan b?ng
mong gu?c
-
-
Nh?ng ng??i
Slav
hi?n đ?i ti?p t?c hanh l? cung Perun
-
M?t bu?i hanh l? ?
Ternopil
N?m 1867, nh?c s?
Modest Mussorgsky
đa so?n b?n giao h??ng
đem [he] tren nui Tr?c
đ? phac h?a m?t phong t?c ngan đ?i con ?n trong dan gian
Chinh Th?ng
khu v?c
Ukraina
. đo la t?c th? Perun nh?ng m?o danh l?
Sabat
đ? tranh nha c?m quy?n.
[78]
-
Thong tin tham quan nui Tr?c (
Ky?v
)
-
Toan c?nh
-
Th?n t??ng Perun
-
Th?n t??ng Perun
- Perk?nas
The so-called Flag of
Widewuto
introduced by Grunau featuring Prussian Perk?ns (in the middle).
Perk?nas
(
ti?ng Litva
:
Perk?nas
,
ti?ng Latvia
:
P?rkons
,
[79]
ti?ng Ph?
:
Perk?ns
,
Perkunos
,
ti?ng Yotvingian
:
Parkuns
,
ti?ng Latgalian
:
P?rkiu?s
) la th?n s?m set c?a rieng c?ng đ?ng
Balt
, co v? tri ch? sau th?n t? tr?
Dievas
.
[80]
Trong cac th?n tich Baltika, t?u trung Perk?nas la đ?i bi?u c?a cac y?u t?
b?u tr?i
, s?m set, may m?a, gio bao, l?a, chi?n tranh, phap li, ph?m tr?t, kh? n?ng th? tinh sinh s?n, nui song va cay
s?i
thieng (đoi khi c?ng la
linh sam
)
[81]
[82]
. Tuy v?y, khi ti?p bi?n sang
v?n hoa
Ph?n Lan
C? đ?c giao
, Perk?nas đa tr? thanh nguyen li "Perkele", ham ngh?a qu? h?n va nhin chung it gay thi?n c?m.
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
Perk?nas cung v?i
Dievas
[88]
va
Potrimpo
la cac th?n linh tr?ng y?u va ph? bi?n nh?t trong tin ng??ng Baltika
trung đ?i
ti?n
C? đ?c
. Trong đo, Perk?nas luon co xu h??ng tranh ch?p đ? v??t tren
Dievas
, vi v?y gi?i s? gia g?i hi?n t??ng tam linh nay la
deus otiosus
.
[89]
[90]
Th?m chi n?m 1520, s? gia
Simon Grunau
đa chep l?i la c? c?a vua
Ph?
d? giao
Widewuto
theu chan dung b? ba th?n linh nay. Ng?n c? nay đ??c treo trang tr?ng tren cay
s?i
thieng tr??c m?t th?n đi?n
Romuva
v? phia Tay ban đ?o
Sambia
.
[91]
[92]
Dan s? th??ng đeo nh?ng trang s?c hinh l??i
riu
đ? ton vinh th?n.
T?c ph?ng th? Perk?nas b?t đ?u mai m?t k? t?
Th?p t? chinh ph??ng B?c
va chinh th?c van h?i khi
Th?nh v??ng chung Ba Lan-Lietuva
thi?t l?p.
[93]
[94]
- Krabat
Krabat
(
ti?ng Croatia
:
Hrvat
) la nguyen t?
huy?n tho?i
c?a th? t?c Wenden [?v?n.dn?] (ho?c Winden [?v?n.dn?]), m?t nhom
Slav
nh? đa b? đ?ng hoa vao
ch?ng Saxon
ngay t? h?u ki c? đ?i. Th? t?c
Serbja
ngay nay v?n ph?ng th? nhan v?t nay.
[95]
T??ng truy?n đo la m?t
vu s?
[96]
co tai ho
m?a
g?i
gio
va th??ng l?p giao ??c v?i qu?
satan
ho?c đoi khi
lucifer
. Th?n t??ng nay đ??c coi la nguyen m?u c?a
Faust
.
[97]
[98]
C?ng theo truy?n th?ng, Krabat ch? la m?t th? xay b?t ho?c binh s? t?m th??ng, nh?ng bi?t bi?n hinh lam
qu?
đ? đi?u khi?n s?m set, vi th? đ?n nay t?c t?c t??ng Krabat m?c ao nha binh ho?c trong hinh ?nh con
qu?
r?t ph? bi?n ? vung bien
đ?c
,
Sec
va
Ba Lan
.
[98]
[99]
[100]
- Ukko
Ukko
(
ti?ng Ph?n Lan:
[?ukːo]
)
[101]
hay
Uku
[102]
, ban đ?u đ??c g?i
Aija
[?æi?jæ]
hay
Aijo
[?æi?jø]
("t? ph?", "tr??ng lao"),
[103]
[104]
, nguyen la đ?ng t?i linh trong th? gi?i quan
Sami
, r?i đ??c cac dan
Ph?n Lan
va
Estonia
ti?p nh?n. Mai đ?n nay, h?c gi?i v?n tranh cai xem li?u Perk?nas hay Ukko co tr??c, va r?ng co s?
C? đ?c hoa
nao đo trong y th?c h? hay khong.
[105]
Tuy nhien, du sao Ukko c?ng đ??c th?a nh?n la th?n cai qu?n b?u tr?i, thi ti?t, mua v?, s?m set va sinh s?n.
[105]
Trong qu?c s?
Ph?n Lan
Kalevala
, th?n t??ng Ukko đa đ??c chuy?n hoa thanh chang th? ren
Ilmarinen
pham t?c nh?ng co tai đuc c?i xay
Sampo
ki di?u.
[106]
Danh t? "ukko" ng??c v? nguyen th?y đ??c đ?c la "tuuri", ham ngh?a "may ph??c". No phi?m ch? nh?ng ph?c s?c mo ph?ng l??i
riu
th?n s?m th??ng đ??c dung đ? t?ch ta. Th?m chi, tr??c khi
C? đ?c giao
truy?n len
B?c Au
, co h?n l? h?i
Ukon juhla
đ? ca t?ng ?n đ?c th?n Ukko. Cac ho?t đ?ng bao g?m u?ng
r??u
, cung hi?n
suc v?t
va ca v? quanh đ?ng
l?a
. đ?n
th? k? XIX
, truy?n th?ng nay b? đinh ch? va thay b?ng thanh l?
Johannes Kastaja
.
[107]
[108]
Trong li?t bi?u bao mua đong n?m 2012, kenh
The Weather
đa đ?nh danh m?t tr?n phong ba ? khu v?c gay ?nh h??ng
Ph?n Lan
la
Ukko
.
[109]
-
Ukonkivi
(đa Ukko) ?
h? Inari
,
Lapland
. Di ch? nay co th? la thanh đ?a c?a ng??i
d? giao
-
M?t day chuy?n th?i ti?n
C? đ?c
th? Ukko :
Ph?n Lan
,
Th?y đi?n
, Th?p T? Soi
-
Riu chi?n b?ng đa ?
Narke
-
Hoa v?n c? ?
Karjala
mo ph?ng cu?c tranh hung c?a đ?ng Ukko v?i con mang th? gian. H?a ti?t k?t h?p hinh riu, s?m set va th?y tri?u
- Sauron
Hinh t??ng
Sauron
(
[110]
) khi?m di?n ? trong
Chua nh?n
đ??c coi la m?t phien b?n c?n đ?i c?a Þorr.
[111]
Nhan v?t nay v?n co xu?t than r?t t?m th??ng, nh?ng nh? h?c đ??c bi quy?t
luy?n kim
nen đa ch? ra chi?c Nh?n Quy?n N?ng co th? huy đ?ng đ??c sinh khi trong
v? tr?
.
[112]
Theo h?i ?c c?a con trai tac gi?
J. R. R. Tolkien
, "co l? ong hinh dung Sauron t? Thor va th?m chi
Prometheus
". Sauron đ?i di?n cho m?t n?n
v?n minh
r?t lau đ?i nh?ng đa b? cac th? l?c m?i v??t qua, cho nen luon tim cach ph?c h?ng qua kh?. đ?ng l?c sang t?o c?a Tolkien phat xu?t ? trao l?u
kh?o c?
r?t th?nh hanh trong xa h?i
th?c dan
Au chau
th? k? XIX
.
[113]
[114]
[115]
Giai tho?i l?ng danh nh?t v? loi th?n Thor la
Þjalfi va R?skva
,
[116]
k? v? anh em no b?c đa đi theo v? th?n s?m phieu l?u kh?p th? gian.
[117]
Cu?c hanh trinh nay b?t ngu?n t? s? c? th?n
Loki
xui chu be Þjalfi g?m nat khuc x??ng đui con
de
keo xe khi?n no b? que.
[118]
Trich đo?n
Þjalfi
va
R?skva
tham gia thach đ?u ? Utgarða-Loki đa đ??c
B? Giao d?c va đao t?o Vi?t Nam
đ?a vao
sach giao khoa
V?n H?c l?p 6 ch??ng trinh
th?p nien 1990
. Tuy nhien, bai v?n nay ch? t? cac ph?n thi ch?y (
Þjalfi
), ?n (
Loki
) va v?t (Thor), l??c b? ph?n thach nh?c con meo mun do
J?rmungandr
tra hinh va u?ng
r??u
b?ng chi?c
s?ng
khong đay, khong t??ng thu?t nguyen c? va k?t qu? nh? trong
s? thi
truy?n th?ng.
Ngay nay, ngay th? N?m trong
ti?ng Anh
la "Ngay c?a Thor" (
Thursday
) va đ??c d?ch t?
ti?ng Latin
, th? N?m la ngay c?a
Jupiter
, th?n set c?a
th?n tho?i La Ma
.
- ^
Andren, Anders
(2014).
Tracing Old Norse Cosmology. The World Tree, Middle Earth, and the Sun in Archaeological Perspectives
. Nordic Academic Press.
- ^
Asdisardottir, Ingunn (2020a). “Freyja”. Trong Schjødt, Jens Peter; Lindow, John; Andren, Anders (bien t?p).
The Pre-Christian Religions of the North: History and Structures
.
3
. Brepols. tr. 1273?1302.
ISBN
978-2-503-57489-9
.
- ^
Simek (2007:333).
- ^
M. Annaeus Lucanus
.
Pharsalia
,
Book I
L?u tr?
2006-05-02 t?i
Wayback Machine
- ^
De Vries (1957:111).
- ^
Simek (2007:322).
- ^
Jackson, Peter (2002). “Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage”.
Numen
.
49
(1): 61?102.
doi
:
10.1163/15685270252772777
.
ISSN
0029-5973
.
JSTOR
3270472
.
- ^
Simek 2007: 219?220.
- ^
Snorre Sturlason
,
Den yngre Edda
(Norrøne bokverk 42), Det norske Samlaget (1973), s 42
- ^
Grimnesmal
(vers 24) i
Den eldre Edda
(Norrøne bokverk 21), Det norske Samlaget (1974), s 43
- ^
Simek (2007:330).
- ^
Orchard, Andy (1997).
Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend
.
Cassell
.
ISBN
0-304-34520-2
- ^
Lindqvist (1933:102?103)
- ^
Meulengracht Sørensen (1986:262, 269)
- ^
Simek 2007: 219.
- ^
Cf. Beard 2019: 31, 39, 41.
- ^
MacLeod & Mees 2006: 252.
- ^
For discussion on this topic, see Beard 2019: 23?24.
- ^
Simek 2007: 220.
- ^
On the red beard and the use of "Redbeard" as an epithet for Thor, see
H.R. Ellis Davidson
,
Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
, 1964, repr. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1990,
ISBN
0-14-013627-4
,
p. 85
L?u tr?
7 thang 4 2023 t?i
Wayback Machine
, citing the
Saga of Olaf Tryggvason
in
Flateyjarbok
,
Saga of Erik the Red
, and
Floamanna saga
.
- ^
Simek, Rudolf
; Hall, Angela (trans.) (2000) [1993]. “J?rmungandr”.
Dictionary of Northern Mythology
. Woodbridge, Suffolk / Rochester, New York: D.S. Brewer. tr. 179.
ISBN
0-85991-513-1
.
- ^
Nganh
dan t?c h?c
(
ti?ng Anh
:
Folkloristics
,
ti?ng Trung
:
民俗學
) ra đ?i tr??c va t?n t?i song hanh v?i
dan gian h?c
(
ti?ng Anh
:
Folk-lore
,
ti?ng Trung
:
民間學
), ch? khong đ?ng nh?t v?i nhau
- ^
George Stephens
,
The Runic Hall in the Danish Old-Northern Museum
, Michaelsen and Tillge (1868). "[the Snodelev stone] is also remarkable in another way. Above the runes, on the left, are 3 Horns in the shape of a triskele, here doubtless
the mark of thor
. On the right side is the Flanged Thwarts, or pre-Christian 4-angled cross, here doubtless
the mark of woden
."
- ^
e.g. Smithsonian Institution annual report, 1896,
p. 796
.
- ^
Olaf Olsen; Ebbe Klovedal Reich; Klaus Rifbjerg; va đ?ng nghi?p (1990).
Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past
. Kongelige Nordiske oldskriftselskab. tr. 148.
ISBN
978-8774682745
.
- ^
The symbol was identified as such since 19th century scholarship; examples include Worsaae (1882:169) and Greg (1884:6).
- ^
Davidson (1965:12?13).
- ^
H.R. Ellis Davidson (1965).
Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
, page 83.
ISBN
978-0-14-013627-2
, p. 83
- ^
Davidson,
Gods and Myths
, p. 219.
- ^
Sundqvist,
An Arena for Higher Powers
,
pp. 87?90
.
- ^
Turville-Petre,
p. 221
L?u tr?
23 thang 4 2023 t?i
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
- ^
“Celtic Cross”
.
Anti-Defamation League
(b?ng ti?ng Anh)
. Truy c?p ngay 11 thang 5 n?m 2021
.
- ^
Jennbert, Kristina (2011).
Animals and Humans: Recurrent Symbiosis in Archaeology and Old Norse Religion
. Nordic Academic Press.
ISBN
978-9185509379
.
- ^
Jesch, Judith (2004). “Scandinavians and 'Cultural Paganism' in Late Anglo-Saxon England”. Trong Cavill, Paul (bien t?p).
The Christian Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England: Approaches to Current Scholarship and Teaching
. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. tr. 55?68.
ISBN
978-0859918411
.
- ^
Davidson (1975:72).
- ^
V? huy?n tich rau hung va bi?t danh "rau hung" c?a Thor, xem
H.R. Ellis Davidson
,
Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
, 1964, repr. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1990,
ISBN
0-14-013627-4
,
p. 85
, trich d?n
Saga of Olaf Tryggvason
trong
Flateyjarbok
,
Saga of Erik the Red
, va
Floamanna saga
. đo?n m? đ?u quy?n
Prose Edda
noi m? h? r?ng "Toc ong ?y con đ?p h?n c? vang."
- ^
Chickering, Howell D. (1977).
Beowulf
. New York: Doubleday.
- ^
Newton, Sam (1993).
The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia
. Woodbridge, Suffolk,
England
:
Boydell & Brewer
.
ISBN
978-0-85991-361-4
.
- ^
Hellquist, Elof (1922).
Svensk etymologisk ordbok
[
Swedish etymological dictionary
] (b?ng ti?ng Th?y đi?n). Lund: Gleerup. tr.
1202
.
- ^
Milewski, Tadeusz
(1930). “Pierwotne nazwy wyspy Rugji i słowia?skich jej mieszka?cow”.
Slavia Occidentalis
(b?ng ti?ng Ba Lan).
IX
: 292?306.
- ^
Mallory, J.P.
and
D.Q. Adams
.
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
. London:
Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
, 1997: p. 269
- ^
Politikens Nudansk Ordborg (1993), 15th edition, entry "Bornholm"
(ti?ng đan M?ch)
- ^
King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of Orosius, London, 1859, edited by J. Bosworth
- ^
Waugh, Robin (1997).
“Literacy, Royal Power, and King-Poet Relations in Old English and Old Norse Compositions”
.
Comparative Literature
.
49
(4): 289?315.
doi
:
10.2307/1771534
.
JSTOR
1771534
.
- ^
Orchard, Andy (2003).
A Critical Companion to Beowulf
(b?ng ti?ng Anh). Boydell & Brewer Ltd. tr. 120.
ISBN
978-1-84384-029-9
.
L?u tr?
b?n g?c ngay 30 thang 1 n?m 2023
. Truy c?p ngay 28 thang 1 n?m 2023
.
Page 120: "He was as fair in appearance, when he came among other men, as when ivory is inlaid in oak. His hair is fairer than gold."
- ^
“Animism”
.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
. Truy c?p ngay 18 thang 12 n?m 2019
.
- ^
“How God of War Ragnarok's characters compare to actual Norse myth”
.
Polygon
. 24 thang 4 n?m 2018.
L?u tr?
b?n g?c ngay 9 thang 11 n?m 2022
. Truy c?p ngay 19 thang 8 n?m 2021
.
- ^
Osborn, Marijane
.
“Annotated List of Beowulf Translations”
.
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 21 thang 11 n?m 2014
. Truy c?p ngay 21 thang 11 n?m 2014
.
- ^
Moreton, Cole (22 thang 6 n?m 2009).
“Everyone's A Pagan Now”
.
The Guardian
. Truy c?p ngay 18 thang 12 n?m 2019
.
- ^
Bonnin, Gertrude.
“Why I Am A Pagan”
.
Bucknell.edu
. The Online Archive of Nineteenth-Century U.S. Women's Writings.
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 17 thang 10 n?m 2017
. Truy c?p ngay 5 thang 9 n?m 2015
.
- ^
Carpenter 1996
. p. 47. Paganism, as I use the term, refers broadly to an emerging spiritual movement comprised of overlapping forms of spirituality referred to by many names (e.g. 'neo-paganism,' 'paganism,' 'neo-pagan witchcraft,' 'witchcraft,' 'the craft,' 'Wiccan spirituality,' 'Wicca,' 'Wicce,' 'Wiccan religion,' 'the old religion,' 'Goddess spirituality,' 'nature spirituality,' 'nature religion,' 'earth-based spirituality,' 'earth religion,' 'ecofeminist spirituality,' and 'Euro-American shamanism'
- ^
York, Michael (1999).
“Invented Culture/Invented Religion: The Fictional Origins of Contemporary Paganism”
.
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
.
3
(1): 135?146.
doi
:
10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135
.
JSTOR
10.1525/nr.1999.3.1.135
.
- ^
Valentin Stetsyuk.
Introduction to the Study of Prehistoric Ethnogenic Processes in Eastern Europe and Asia, The Turkic Tribe Bulgar in Eastern Europe
. Lviv, Ukraine.
- ^
Sergei Filatov, Aleksandr Shchipkov.
Religious Developments among the Volga Nations as a Model for the Russian Federation
. Religion, State & Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, 1995. pp. 239-243
- ^
Chuvash faith and beliefs
L?u tr?
15 thang 8 2009 t?i
Wayback Machine
. Chuvash Culture Portal.
- ^
Davy, Barbara Jane (2007) "Introduction to pagan studies". Rowman Altamira
ISBN
0-7591-0818-8
. p.97: "Some pagans embrace the idea of a pan-European Celtic culture, but some practice regionally specific reconstructionist traditions."
- ^
McColman, Carl (2003)
Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom
. Alpha Press
ISBN
0-02-864417-4
. p.12: "Some groups have gone even further, trying to use archaeology, religious history,
comparative mythology
, and even the study of non-Celtic
Indo-European
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