?????

?????
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????? ; ???
	???????? ; ???????????????? ;
?????????? ??????? 2 ???? ????????????????????
?????????	23 ??????? ?.?. 634 ? 3 ????????? ?.?. 644
????????	?????????
?????	?????? ????? ??????
???????	?. ?.?. 583 ???? 584 ; ??????? ????? ??????????????
??????	????????? ?.?. 644 (???????????? ?.?. 23/????????? ?.?. 24) ( 60?61 ????? ) ; ???????? ????? ????????????????????
????????	??????????????? ????????
?????????	?????? ????? ?????? ; ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ; ?????????? ????? ????????????? ; ???????? ????? ????? ; ???????? ????? ????? ; ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ; ????? ?????? ????? ???? ;
?????????? ; (????????? ?)	????????? ; ?????????? ; ???????????? ; ????? ; ????? ;
???????	???????? ( ???????? )
??????????	?????????? ????? ???????
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????????????

????? ????? ?????????? ( ?????? : ??? ?? ?????? ; ?. ?.?. 583/584 ? 644 ) ???????????????????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????? ?.?. 634 ??????????????????????? ?.?. 644 ??????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ("????????? (??????????????????????????)")

????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?.?. 616 ??????????? ?????? ????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????? ('?????????') ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 632 ??????????????????? ????????? ( ?. 632 ? 634 ) ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?.?. 634 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ^[3] ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????? (642?644) ???????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????? ^[4] ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ?.?. 644

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5] ??????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[6] ?????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (???????????????) ^[7]^[8] ???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ^[9]

???????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ^[10] ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[11] ????????????????: "?????????? ???????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????" ^[12]

????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ^[13] ????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? , ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????? ^[13]^[14] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????? ^[15]

????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ^[13]^[16] ?????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ^[17]

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?.?. 610 ???????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????? ? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????? ?????? ^[18] ?????????????????????? ^[19] ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[18]

??????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ^[20]

?????????????????????????????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????? ?.?. 616 ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? S?rah ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? “...??? ?????! ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????" ^[21]

?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ????? ????? (?????????????????????) ???????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ^[22] ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????????????????? "???????????? ??????????????????????????" ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? "??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????" ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????1-6 (?????? 20:1-6) ??? ?????? ???????????? "?????? ???????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????" ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????: "??? ?????! ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? '??? ???????! ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????? '..." ^[23]

???????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????? 39 ??. ^[24]

???????????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ^[25]

?????????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?.?. 622 ????????????? (??????????????????????????????????? ???????? ? ??? ???????? ) ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????: "????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????" ^[26]^[27] ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ^[24]

??????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????? 8 ???????? ?.?. 632 ????????????????????????????????? ^[28] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????????????????:

"?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????"

^[29] ???????????????????????????????:

" ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????... "

^[29] ????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[28]

????????? [ ??? ]

?? ?.?. 644 ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ^[31]

???????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? (???????) ??????????????????????????????? ?????? ^[32] ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ^[33] ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? (?.?. 642) ???????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ^[34] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? (?.?. 636) ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ^[35] ????????????????????????????? ????? (????????? ?????? ) ?????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[36]

????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? 2 ?????? ?????? ^[37] ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ^[38] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[39] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[40] ???????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ^[41] ????????????????????????????????????????: ??????????? ?????? Kulayb ibn al-Bukayr al-Laythi ?????????????????? ^[42] ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? 13 ?? ^[43] ???????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[33] ????????????? ??????????????????????????????? 26 ???????????? ?.?. 23 ( 6 ????????? ?.?. 644 ??? ???????????????? ) ^[44]

?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ^[45]

?????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????????????

?? ?.?. 2012 ??????????????????? al-Murakkab (??????????????) ?????? ??????? ??????????????????????? ^[46]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool . Vol. 21. p. 199.
↑ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot . Vol. 4. p. 272.
↑ Hourani (1991) , p. 23.
↑ Dubnow, Simon (1968). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period . Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2 .
↑ Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War , American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X .
↑ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K?h?a???b". ?? P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (?.?.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
↑ "Hadith ? Book of Companions of the Prophet ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Sunnah.com .
↑ "Hadith ? Book of Companions of the Prophet ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Sunnah.com .
↑ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K?h?a???b". ?? P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (?.?.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820. Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.
↑ "Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1" . archive.org .
↑ Qazi, Moin. Umar Al Farooq: Man and Caliph (??????????). Notion Press. ISBN 9789352061716 .
↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1944). Al Farooq, Umar . Chapter 1, p. 45.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1.
↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari , History of the Prophets and Kings
↑ Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, pp. 40?41.
↑ Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Chapter: Umar ibn Khattab.
↑ Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 47.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 51.
↑ Armstrong , p. 128.
↑ Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 53.
↑ "Umar's Conversion to Islam" . Al-Islam.org . 10 November 2013 . ??????????? 4 August 2016 .
↑ as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), pp. 107?108.
↑ Al Mubarakpury, Safi ur Rahman (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) . Darussalam. pp. 130?131. ISBN 9960-899-55-1 .
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by ibn Kathir , published by Dar al-Wathan publications, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1422 Anno hegiræ (2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 170, ISBN 978-9960-28-117-9
↑ Armstrong , p. 35.
↑ Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq , Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 119
↑ Armstrong , p. 152.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), pp. 54?61.
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 "Hadith ? Book of Companions of the Prophet ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Sunnah.com . 26 April 2012 . ??????????? 29 January 2019 .
↑ Madelung 1997 , p. 404 refers to Jufayna as "al-Na?r?n?", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like Zulfiqar ), El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109 describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from T?r?khun? bi-usl?b qa?a?? ('Our History in a Narrative style'), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935.
↑ Pellat (2011) .
↑ Pellat 2011 . ???????????????????????????????: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? Madelung 1997 , p. 75, note 67 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 ????????????????? Mujmal al-taw?r?kh wa-l-qi?a? ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ?.?. 1126 ??????? ??????????????????? Fin ???????????????????????????? ????? .
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 Pellat 2011 .
↑ ??????????????? Madelung 1997 , p. 75, note 67.
↑ See the sources cited by El-Hibri 2010 , pp. 108?109 (cf. also p. 112).
↑ Pellat 2011 ; cf. Madelung 1997 , p. 75, note 64.
↑ ???????????????????? 3 ??????????????; ????? Pellat 2011 .
↑ Pellat 2011 ; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 . As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a khar?j tax on his master al-Mughira.
↑ Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 .
↑ ????????????????????? Madelung 1997 , p. 75.
↑ El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109 describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle".
↑ Smith, G. Rex, ?.?. (1994). The History of al-?abar?, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641?643/A.H. 21?23 . SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0 . Cf. El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109. See also Caetani 1905?1926 , vol. V, p. 216 .
↑ El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109.
↑ Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 ; Pellat 2011 .
↑ Fayda & Kocak 2007 , p. 46.
↑ Imbert, Frederic (2019). "Espaces de liberte et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du debut de l'islam" . Savants, amants, poetes et fous : Seances offertes a Katia Zakharia . Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161?174. doi : 10.4000/books.ifpo.13413 . ISBN 9782351595503 . S2CID 213324606 .

?????????? [ ??? ]

Ibn Sa'ad. The Book of the Major Classes (Tabaqat al-Kubra) .
Caetani, Leone (1905?1926). Annali dell'Islam . 10 vols. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli. OCLC 3423680 .
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Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Donner, Fred, The Early Islamic Conquests , Princeton University Press, 1981.
El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15082-8 .
Hourani, Albert (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples . Faber and Faber.
Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad . Cambridge University Press.
Madelung, Wilferd (15 October 1998). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52-164696-3 .
Levi Della Vida, G. & Bonner, M. (2000). "?Umar (I) b. al-Kha???b" . ?? Bearman, P. J. ; Bianquis, Th. ; Bosworth, C. E. ; van Donzel, E. & Heinrichs, W. P. (?.?.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . Volume X: T?U . Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 818?821. ISBN 978-90-04-11211-7 .
Lock, Henry Osmond (2003) [First published 1920]. Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries . Introduction by Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 0-7661-3984-0 .
Hart, Michael H. (1978). The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History . Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 9780806513508 .
??????:Encyclopaedia Islamica
Fayda, Mustafa; Kocak, Muh?in (2007). OMER b. el-Hattab - An article published in 34th volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (?????????). Vol. 34. Istanbul: TDV ?slam Ansiklopedisi . pp. 44?53. ISBN 978-97-53-89456-2 .
Barnaby Rogerson (2008), The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split , Overlook, ISBN 978-1-59-020022-3
Barnaby Rogerson (4 November 2010), The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism , Little, Brown Book Group, ISBN 978-0-74-812470-1
Pellat, Charles (2011). "Ab? Lo?lo?a" . ?? Yarshater, Ehsan (?.?.). Encyclopaedia Iranica .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Excerpt from The History of the Khalifahs by Jalal ad-Din as- Suyuti
Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.
"Omar" . ?????????????????? ?.?. 1911 (11 ed.). 1911.

?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[1] Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool . Vol. 21. p. 199.

[2] Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot . Vol. 4. p. 272.

[FOOTNOTEHourani199123-3] Hourani (1991) , p. 23.

[4] Dubnow, Simon (1968). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period . Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2 .

[5] Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War , American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X .

[EI2-6] Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K?h?a???b". ?? P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (?.?.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.

[7] "Hadith ? Book of Companions of the Prophet ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Sunnah.com .

[8] "Hadith ? Book of Companions of the Prophet ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Sunnah.com .

[9] Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K?h?a???b". ?? P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (?.?.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820. Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.

[10] "Umar Ibn Al-Khattab : His Life and Times, Volume 1" . archive.org .

[11] Qazi, Moin. Umar Al Farooq: Man and Caliph (??????????). Notion Press. ISBN 9789352061716 .

[12] Muhammad Husayn Haykal (1944). Al Farooq, Umar . Chapter 1, p. 45.

[haykal-ch1-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1.

[14] Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari , History of the Prophets and Kings

[15] Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, pp. 40?41.

[16] Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Chapter: Umar ibn Khattab.

[17] Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 47.

[haykal-p51-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 51.

[FOOTNOTEArmstrong128-19] Armstrong , p. 128.

[20] Haykal, 1944. Chapter 1, p. 53.

[21] "Umar's Conversion to Islam" . Al-Islam.org . 10 November 2013 . ??????????? 4 August 2016 .

[22] s-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), pp. 107?108.

[23] Al Mubarakpury, Safi ur Rahman (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) . Darussalam. pp. 130?131. ISBN 9960-899-55-1 .

[Tahthib_2002_page_170-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Tartib wa Tahthib Kitab al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah by ibn Kathir , published by Dar al-Wathan publications, Riyadh Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1422 Anno hegiræ (2002), compiled by Muhammad ibn Shamil as-Sulami, p. 170, ISBN 978-9960-28-117-9

[FOOTNOTEArmstrong35-25] Armstrong , p. 35.

[26] Serat-i-Hazrat Umar-i-Farooq , Mohammad Allias Aadil, p. 119

[FOOTNOTEArmstrong152-27] Armstrong , p. 152.

[Suyuti54-61-28] 28.0 ^28.1 as-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs Who Took The Right Way (London, 1995), pp. 54?61.

[http://sunnah.com/bukhari/62/19-29] 29.0 ^29.1 "Hadith ? Book of Companions of the Prophet ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Sunnah.com . 26 April 2012 . ??????????? 29 January 2019 .

[30] Madelung 1997 , p. 404 refers to Jufayna as "al-Na?r?n?", indicating that he was a man. Moreover, while the murder weapon seems to be depicted here as a split-blade sword (like Zulfiqar ), El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109 describes it as "a unique dagger", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle". The picture is taken from T?r?khun? bi-usl?b qa?a?? ('Our History in a Narrative style'), a popular history book first published in Iraq in 1935.

[FOOTNOTEPellat2011-31] Pellat (2011) .

[32] Pellat 2011 . ???????????????????????????????: Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? Madelung 1997 , p. 75, note 67 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????. Ishkevari & Nejad 2008 ????????????????? Mujmal al-taw?r?kh wa-l-qi?a? ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ?.?. 1126 ??????? ??????????????????? Fin ???????????????????????????? ????? .

[Pellat2011-33] 33.0 ^33.1 Pellat 2011 .

[34] ??????????????? Madelung 1997 , p. 75, note 67.

[35] See the sources cited by El-Hibri 2010 , pp. 108?109 (cf. also p. 112).

[36] Pellat 2011 ; cf. Madelung 1997 , p. 75, note 64.

[37] ???????????????????? 3 ??????????????; ????? Pellat 2011 .

[38] Pellat 2011 ; Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 . As pointed out by Pellat 2011, other accounts rather maintain that Abu Lu'lu'a's was angry about the caliph's raising a khar?j tax on his master al-Mughira.

[39] Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 .

[40] ????????????????????? Madelung 1997 , p. 75.

[41] El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109 describes the dagger as "unique", having "two pointed sharp edges, with a handle in the middle".

[42] Smith, G. Rex, ?.?. (1994). The History of al-?abar?, Volume XIV: The Conquest of Iran, A.D. 641?643/A.H. 21?23 . SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7914-1293-0 . Cf. El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109. See also Caetani 1905?1926 , vol. V, p. 216 .

[43] El-Hibri 2010 , p. 109.

[44] Levi Della Vida & Bonner 2000 ; Pellat 2011 .

[FOOTNOTEFaydaKoçak200746-45] Fayda & Kocak 2007 , p. 46.

[46] Imbert, Frederic (2019). "Espaces de liberte et contraintes graphiques dans les graffiti du debut de l'islam" . Savants, amants, poetes et fous : Seances offertes a Katia Zakharia . Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo. pp. 161?174. doi : 10.4000/books.ifpo.13413 . ISBN 9782351595503 . S2CID 213324606 .

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