??????????? ????????
(
Christopher Columbus
) (1451?1506) ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ?????. ????
1492
-???
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[1]
[2]
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[4]
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[1]
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("????????????????" ???????????? ????) ????? ?????????.
[6]
[7]
[8]
????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? 1500???
?? ?????????????????
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1451-?? ?????????.
[9]
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1471
-??? ????????
????????? ??????????????
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?????? ??????
(
?????? ????
-??? ???? ??? ????) ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????????
???? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????.
[10]
?????? ?????????? ?????
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???? ????????(???????
??????????????????
-?
?? 29
,
1453
??? ???????????????????).
1476
-??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ?????? ??????
???? ???? ???????? ??????????
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-??? ?????????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????.
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1477
-??? ????????
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,
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,
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,
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? ???????
,
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???????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????. ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????, ????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????.
???????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????. 1477-?? ???????????????,
1478
-??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? 1482???? 1485-?????, ????????????? ???? ????????
???? ?????? ?? ????
???? ???????? ????????? ????????.
[1]
???????? ???????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????(
1479
-???). ??????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????. ????????
1485
-??? ?????????. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? (
1488
-???) ????????.
[11]
??????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????.
?????????? ???? ????
[
????
]
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1470????
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????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????,?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????????????????; ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? 1892?? ???????; ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????.???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????.
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1480
-???, ???????? ???????
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(?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (
?????
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) ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ???????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????(????????? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????????). ????? ??????????? ???????????, ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ???????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????????. ?? ??????????
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-???? ???????? ???? ???????????(??????????? ??????????????? ????????) 180 ???? ???? ????????, ????? 180 ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. (????????? ??? 120 ???? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ?????). ???????? ??'????????? ?????????, ?????? 225 ???? ?????, 135 ???? ???? ??????, ???????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? 1 ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? (5000 ????????????????),
???? ????
(6,082.66 ??? ????????????????? ?????????) ??????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? 2,700 ??????? ??????????? ??????????????. ????????? ????????? 13,000 ???????, ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????
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1492?????? 1503?????? ????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????????? ??????????????. ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ??????????
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, 1492-??? ???????????.
12 ???????? 1492 ? ?????????????????? ????????
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???? ???????????
.
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, 1492 ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????;?? ????? ??????????? ?????????.
- "????? ????????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????
;
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.
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?? ?????????????
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???????? 28
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,
1493
-??? ???? ???? ????????? ????????????.?????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ???????????????. ??????? ???????????????????, ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????????????. ???????
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]
1492???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? (????);???????? ??????????????????? ????? ????? 'Al Almirante' ????? ?????????????????.(????)
???? ???? ???????? ??????? (1493?1496)-???
??????????? 24
1493-??? ???????????. ????? ?????????? ??????????????, ????????????????????? ?????????????? 17 ???????????,1200 ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????.
???? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???????
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,
1495
-??? ????????
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-?????????? 1600 ???? ???????????????????. 550 ???? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????????? 200 ???? ?????????? ???????? (?????? ??????????????). ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????????????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????, ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????.
?????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??????. ???????
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???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ??? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????.
?????????, ????????
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????????? ????????????????? '???????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????' ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????. ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????. ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. 1496-???
??????????? ?? ???? ??????
??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. 3,000,000 ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????. 1514-??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????? 22,000 ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????. 1542-??? 200 ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????????
?????? 10
,
1496
-??? ????????????. ??????? ?????????????????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????.
???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????. ?????? ???? 1500-?? ?????? ?????????????? ??????????????.
???????? ????? ??????? ???????????
[
????
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1498
-??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????
??????????? ?? ???? ??????
(???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????) ???? , ???????????. ???? ???? ????
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???? 31???
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???? ?????????????
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???????????? ?? ?????????
???? ??? ??? ??????????
1500
-??? ??????????. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????.??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????.
???? ?????????? ????????????????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????????????????
????????????
?????????? ?????????? ????????:
?????? ? ????
???????????
1499
-??? ???????????????????? ?????????? ????????????(??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????).
?????????????? ???????? ???????????????
[
????
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???????? ???? ??????? ???????
1502
-
1504
-???(??????????????
?? 9
, 1502) ????????????. ?????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ????????. ???????
??? ?????????
-????
??????
-?????????
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??? ??????????. 1502-??? ???????
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???????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ???????????? 1504-??? ?????????????????.
???????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????.???? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????.
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???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????????.
?? 20,
1506
-??? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???? ??????????????, ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????. ???????
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, ????
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-????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???????? ???????????????? ??????, ????? ???????????
?????? ??????????????
????? ????
1542
-??? ?????? ??????????.
1795
-??? ???????? ???????????????????,
???????????
?????????????. 1898 ???????????????
??????
?????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????????????
??????
(Seville) ????????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????.
???????? ????????
[
????
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????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????
[14]
?????? ???????????????
??????. ????? ??? ???? ??????????, ??????, ??????, ???? ???????? ??????????????.
[15]
??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????: ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????
???? ??? ???????????
(1502), ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ??????????
???? ??? ??????????
(1505).
[1]
????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? 10% ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????????; ????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????. ???? ?????????
???????? ?????????????
(
pleitos colombinos
) ?????????????.
???????? ?????? ???????
[
????
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???? ????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????; 41 ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
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??????? ?????????????.
[17]
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??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????; ???
?????????
??????
????????
????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????
??????????????
???. ???????? ??. ??????? ???????????.
[17]
???????? ?????. ???????????? - ???. ?????? & ??., 1893.
?? 20, 1506??? ???? 54??? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????.
?????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ???????
[19]
?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????
?? ?????????????????
??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????????
??????????
?? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????????. 1542??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? (??????
??????????? ????????
) ?????????????. 1795???,
?? ???????????????
???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ????????
???????????
?????????????. 1898???
?????????? ?????????? ????
??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ????????????
?????? ??????????????
[20]
???????????????? ????????? ?????????????.
1877??? ?????? ???????????? "???? ??????????? ????????" ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????; ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? 2003???
???????????????
??????
??. ???. ?.
??????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ????????? ??. ???. ? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????;
[21]
??.???. ? ??????????? ??????? ????????;
??????????? ?? ?????-???????????????? ????????
???? ??????? ????????. ????
??????????? ?? ?????-???????????????? ????
??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????; ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????.
[22]
???????????, ???
??????????
, ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????.
[23]
???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???????????????; ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????.
[23]
[24]
?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? "???????? ???????????????????" (
Faro a Colon
) ??????.
???????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????
[
????
]
?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????, ???? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????????????; ??? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????.?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????????????.
????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????
????????
???????
????? ??????????
?????????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????,???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????????????.
???????? - ??? ??????? ??????
[
????
]
???????? ????????????? ?????????? 400 ???????? ??
1892
????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????.
?????? ???????? ??????????????
??????? ???????????????
??????? ?????? ??????? ????????????.
??? ?? ?????????????? ???????,???????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????.???? ?????, ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????, ???? ????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ????????? ???????????????.
?????????, ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ??????????, ????????-????????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????????.
???????? - ???? ??? ?????
[
????
]
???????? ??? ????????? ??????. ?????, ?????????
?????????? ???????????
, ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????.
??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????????? ?????????,
1960?????????
?????, ???? ????????
?????????????????
?????????????? - ???????????????????, ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? - ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????.???????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????, 1493-1500?? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????? (??? ?????????) ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????????????, ???? ????????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????.
???? ??????????,?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????
???????? ?????
???????????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????.
1992??
???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? 500??? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ???????????? ????????
2002??
,
????????
??????
???? ?????
???????? ??????? "????????? ????????? ????" ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????????.
???????? ???????????
[
????
]
~ ??????????? ???????? ~
?.?. ???????? ???????, 1893.
1492??? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? 12 ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????. ??????????????? ???
??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????????
???? ?????????????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????
???? ?? ?? ????
???? ????????????????. ?????? ????????????? ???
???????? ????
?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????????????.
1893???
????????????
?????
??? ?????????? ?????????????
???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????.
[25]
??? ???????? ????? ???????????????? 27 ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????.
?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????? 16 ??????????? ???????
?????? ??????????
???????? ???????????; ??? ????????, ???? ????????, ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????????????? 5 ????? ????????? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????; ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? "?????????? ???????????" ???????? 72% ?????.
[26]
1992???, 500??? ???????????????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????????. ??? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????????????. ?????? ?????????????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????.
[27]
??????? ??????
[
????
]
???????? ??????????????? (
??? ? ??????
), ?????? ????????
[28]
????????, ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? "????????????? ????????????" ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????
??????? ???????????
. ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????;
?????????????
???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????
????????
??? ?????????? ????????????????????????? ????? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???????????
?????????? ????????
"?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????" ???? ????????????.
[29]
???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????????
[30]
?????????????? ???? ??????????
???? ??? ?????????????
????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????????????.
[31]
????????, ???????? ????????????? ???????????? "????? ?????" , "?????? ?????" ?????? ???? ??????????????????.
[32]
??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????????; 1502???
??????????? ????? ????????????????
???????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????????.
[33]
?????? ????? ??????? ?????????????
???????????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????
???????.
[32]
????, ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????.
??? ?????????? ?????????????
????????????????????? ???????
????
,
??????
,
?????? ??????
??????????? ???????.
?????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????
??????? ??????????
???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???? ?????? ???? 1502-04??? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?????, 1507??? ????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ???????????????
?????????
?????
????? ????????
???????????????; ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? "????????" ????????????? ??????.
???????????
?????????
??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????.
[34]
????????, ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????
???? ???????
????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????. ???????????????
?????????
???? ????? 1738??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???????.
[35]
?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????? (
????????? ????????
), ??????
????????????
?????????????????
(
?????
,
???? ???????
),
????????? ???????????
?????????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????????????? ?????? 1819??? ??????
??????????????
????????????
?????? ??????????
???? ??????????????. ?? ????????, ??????, ????????????, ???????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. 1866??? ?????????? ?????????????
????????
???????? ?????????????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? 1892??? ??????????? ?????? 400??? ????????? ???????????????. ????????????
?????????? ?????????????
?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????????.
???????????
[
????
]
- ↑
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Christopher Columbus
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
8 June 2010.
- ↑
Scholastic Teacher ? Christopher Columbus (1451?1506)
?????????????
2011-09-20 at the
??????? ?????????
Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities. Milton Meltzer. Author,
Columbus and the World Around Him
.
- ↑
World Book ? Columbus, Christopher
?????????????
2012-12-03 at
Archive.today
"Columbus, Christopher". World Book Store has the encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas, homework help, study aids, and curriculum guides. 2010
- ↑
Questia ? COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER
"Columbus, Christopher". Questia ? The Online Library of Books and Journals. 2010
Memorials Of Columbus: Or, A Collection Of Authentic Documents Of That Celebrated Navigator
(page 9)
Country of origin: USA. Pages: 428. Publisher: BiblioBazaar. Publication Date: 2010-01-01.
Native American History for Dummies
(page 127)
Authors: Dorothy Lippert, Stephen J. Spignesi and Phil Konstantin. Paperback: 364 pages. Publisher: For Dummies. Publication Date: 2007-10-29.
The peoples of the Caribbean: an encyclopedia of archeology and traditional culture
(p. 67)
Author: Nicholas J. Saunders. Hardcover: 399 pages. Publisher: ABC-CLIO. Publication Date: 15 July 2006.
- ↑
"Parks Canada ? L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada"
. 24 April 2009
. ????????????? ????
29 July
2009
.
- ↑
Hoxie, Frederick (1996).
Encyclopedia of North American Indians
. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p.
568
.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-0-395-66921-1
.
- ↑
Philip Herbst (1997).
The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States
. Intercultural Press. p. 116.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-1-877864-97-1
.
- ↑
David Wilton (2 December 2004).
Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends
. Oxford University Press. pp. 164?165.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-0-19-517284-3
.
- ↑
Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips.
The Worlds of Christopher Columbus
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Page 9.
"
Even with less than a complete record, however, scholars can state with assurance that Columbus was born in the republic of Genoa in northern Italy, although perhaps not in the city itself, and that his family made a living in the wool business as weavers and merchants...The two main early biographies of Columbus have been taken as literal truth by hundreds of writers, in large part because they were written by individual closely connected to Columbus or his writings. ...Both biographies have serious shortcomings as evidence.
"
- ↑
"
Christopher Columbus
". Thomas C. Tirado, PhD Professor History. Millersville University.
- ↑
"Christopher Columbus Biography Page 2"
. Columbus-day.123holiday.net
. ????????????? ????
29 July
2009
.
- ↑
"The Naming of America"
. Umc.sunysb.edu. Archived from
the original
on 29 ???????? 2013
. ????????????? ????
10 April
2011
.
- ↑
"THE ORIGINAL NINA"
.
The Nina & Pinta
. British Virgin Islands: The Columbus Foundation. Archived from
the original
on 26 ?? 2015
. ????????????? ????
12 October
2013
.
- ↑
"Columbus Monuments Pages: Valladolid"
. ????????????? ????
3 January
2010
.
- ↑
"Columbus Monuments Pages: Sevilla"
. ????????????? ????
3 January
2010
.
- ↑
17.0
17.1
"Christopher Columbus Suffered From a Fatal Form of Arthritis"
. University of Maryland School of Medicine. Archived from
the original
on 29 ???????? 2013
. ????????????? ????
11 August
2013
.
- ↑
Hoenig, LJ (February 1992). "The arthritis of Christopher Columbus".
The Archives of Internal Medinal
152
(2): 274?7.
doi
:
10.1001/archinte.1992.00400140028008
.
???????
:
1472175
.
- ↑
John Boyd Thacher (1904).
Christopher Columbus: his life, his works, his remains: as revealed by original printed and manuscript records, together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolome de las Casas, the first historians of America
. G. P. Putnam & Sons
. ????????????? ????
27 December
2011
.
- ↑
"
Cristobal Colon: traslacion de sus restos mortales a la ciudad de Sevilla
at Fundacion Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes"
. Cervantesvirtual.com. Archived from
the original
on 14 ???????? 2020
. ????????????? ????
29 July
2009
.
- ↑
Tremlett, Giles.
"Young bones lay Columbus myth to rest"
.
The Guardian
. ????????????? ????
26 October
2014
.
- ↑
"DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain"
. Associated Press
. ????????????? ????
26 October
2014
.
- ↑
23.0
23.1
Alvarez-Cubero, MJ; Martinez-Gonzalez, LJ; Saiz, M; Alvarez, JC; Lorente, JA (8 March 2010).
"New applications in genetic identification"
.
Cuadernos de Medicina Forense
16
(1?2): 5?18.
doi
:
10.4321/S1135-76062010000100002
.
??????????? ?? ????? ???
:
1135-7606
.
http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S1135-76062010000100002&script=sci_arttext
.
- ↑
DNA verifies Columbus' remains in Spain
,
???????????? ??????
, 19 May 2006
- ↑
"Bird's-Eye View of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893"
.
??? ??????????
. 1893
. ????????????? ????
17 July
2013
.
- ↑
Haimann, Alexander T., "2-cent Landing of Columbus", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014.
- ↑
"Columbian Exposition Souvenir Sheets", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014.
- ↑
"Columbus Monuments Pages: Santo Domingo"
. ????????????? ????
3 January
2010
.
- ↑
Dugard, Martin.
The Last Voyage of Columbus
. Little, Brown and Company: New York, 2005.
- ↑
Thomas F. McIlwraith; Edward K. Muller (2001).
North America: the historical geography of a changing continent
. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-0-7425-0019-8
.
- ↑
Sale, Kirkpatrick (1991).
The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy
, pp. 204?209
- ↑
32.0
32.1
Eviatar Zerubavel (2003).
Terra cognita: the mental discovery of America
. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90?91.
??????????? ?????????? ???
978-0-7658-0987-2
.
- ↑
Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips.
The Worlds of Christopher Columbus.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 227.
- ↑
"Columbus Monuments Pages: Denver"
. ????????????? ????
3 January
2010
.
- ↑
The Gentleman's Magazine
, Vol. 8, June 1738, p. 285
.
???? ??????????
[
????
]