????????????????? ??????????

???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????

????????????????? ?????????? ( Atlantic Ocean ) ?????? ????????? ????? ??????????????. ??? 106,400,000 ???? ???? ??????? (41,100,000 ???? ????) ?????????? ??????????? ^[1]^[2]. ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? 20 ????? ??????????, ???????? ?????????????? ?????? 29 ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????????.

????????????????? ?????????? ??? ??????, S- ???? ???????????? ???????????. ????????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ????????????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????????. ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????????? 8° ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ^[3].

???????? ?????, ??????????? ???????? ?????, ????????? ????????????????? ?????????-???????? ???? ??????????, ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ^[3].

??????? ?????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??.??. ????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? : ^[4]. ????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????: ?τλαντικ? πελ?γει; ????????: 'the Atlantic sea' ??????? ??.?? 450 ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ^[5]. ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ^[6]. ????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ^[6]. ????????, ???????? ??????? ???????????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????????, ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????0??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????? ^[7].?????? ?????, "???????????" ???? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ^[6]. ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? 250 ????????????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????????????.

?????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????????. ???????? 19 ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????? ^[8]. ???????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????.

???????? ????????? [ ???? ]

.

??????? ??????? ???????? 1953 ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ^[9], ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????????, ???????? ??.?.?. ????? ????? ????????. ???????, ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????.

??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????????????. ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ????, ?????????? ????, ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ???????, ????????? ???????? ???????????, ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????. '????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? , ??????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????.

??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????. ???? ??????????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????? 20 ° ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????. 1953 ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??? ???????????. ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????????? 60 ° ???????? ??????????????? ^[9].

??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ??? ???????????, ??????????????? ??????????????. ??????, ???????? ????, ???????????????, ?????????, ???????? ????, ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ???????? ???????, ????????? ????, ?????????? ????, ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ^[10]. ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? 111,866 ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? 135,663 ?????????????????? ^[11].

???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? 106,460,000 ??.??2 (41,100,000 ???? ????) ?????????? ???????????. ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? 23.5 ???????????. ??? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ???? 310,410,900 ??.??3 (74,471,500 ?? ????) ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? 23.3% ?????. ?????? ??????????? ?????????? 41,490,000 ??.??2 (16,020,000 ???? ????) ?????????? (11.5%) ?????? ??????????? ?????????? 40,270,000 ??.??2 (15,550,000 ????????) (11.1%) ???????????? ??????????. ??????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? 3,646 ??????? (11,962 ???) ?????. ???????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? 8,486 ??????? (27,841 ???) ???????? ???????? ?????? ^[12].

?????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ?????? ?????? 87° ?????? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? 300 ??????????? ???????? ?????????????????? 42° ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ^[13].

?????? ??????????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????????????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????. ????????????? 2000 ???? ??? ???????? ???????????. ????? ?????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????????, 53° ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ^[14].

?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? 2-3 ???? (1.2-1.9 ????) ???????? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????????????????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????.

??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????? 2,700 ??????? (8900 ???) ?????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ^[15].

40° ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ^[16] 16° ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ^[17]. 1870 ????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????????? ???????? 1920 ????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????. 1950 ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ^[13].

???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????. ????????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????: ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ^[13].

?????????[[]]== ????????? ???????? ==

???????????? ??????????? ???? ??, ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????. ???????????? ?????????????? -2° ????????? ????????? ????? 30° ????????? ??? ?????????. ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????????????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? 7-8° ????????? ??????? ???????????? ^[3]. ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????? ^[3].

????? [ ???? ]

??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????? 1000 ???????????? 33 ????? 37 ????????????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ???????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????, ???????????, ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ^[3].

??? ???????????? [ ???? ]

????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????.

???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ??????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????.

?????????????? ?????????, ????? ?????????, ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????????????. ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????.

??????? [ ???? ]

?????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???? ???????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ NOAA: How big is the Atlantic Ocean?
↑ "Atlantic Ocean" . Encyclopædia Britannica . ????????????? ???? December 20, 2016 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 U.S. Navy 2001
↑ SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)
↑ 1 ?. θ?λασσα "la mar Atlantida" (the Atlantis sea)..., DGE Dictionary, CSIC, 2006.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Oxford Dictionaries 2015
↑ Janni 2015 , ?. 27
↑ Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 IHO 1953
↑ CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean
↑ CIA World Factbook: Pacific Ocean
↑ USGS: Mapping Puerto Rico Trench
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge
↑ Levin & Gooday 2003 , Seafloor topography and physiography, pp. 113?114
↑ Kenneth J. Hsu (1987). The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-691-02406-6 .
↑ DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 , The Azores microplate, pp. 24?25
↑ DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 , Boundary between the North and South America plates, pp. 26?27

??? ?????????? [ ???? ]

??????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????:

??????????? ??????????

Atlantic Ocean
"Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida" from 1639 via the World Digital Library

?????????????
????????????????? ?????????? • ????????? ?????????? • ???????? ?????????? • ?????????? ?????????? • ??????? ??????????

[NOAA-how-big-1] NOAA: How big is the Atlantic Ocean?

[Atlantic_Ocean_-_Britannica-2] "Atlantic Ocean" . Encyclopædia Britannica . ????????????? ???? December 20, 2016 .

[USN-2001-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 U.S. Navy 2001

[4] SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)

[5] 1 ?. θ?λασσα "la mar Atlantida" (the Atlantis sea)..., DGE Dictionary, CSIC, 2006.

[Oxford-Dict-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Oxford Dictionaries 2015

[7] Janni 2015 , ?. 27

[AmCyclo-1873-8] Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873

[IHO-1953-9] 9.0 ^9.1 IHO 1953

[CIA-World-10] CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean

[11] CIA World Factbook: Pacific Ocean

[12] USGS: Mapping Puerto Rico Trench

[WHC-MAR-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

[LevGood-2003-14] Levin & Gooday 2003 , Seafloor topography and physiography, pp. 113?114

[15] Kenneth J. Hsu (1987). The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger . ??????????? ?????????? ??? 978-0-691-02406-6 .

[16] DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 , The Azores microplate, pp. 24?25

[17] DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 , Boundary between the North and South America plates, pp. 26?27

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????????	Age of the Earth ???????? ???? ???????? Extremes on Earth ?????????? Geological history Geologic record ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????
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