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விக்கிப்பீடியா

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???? ????: ??????????, ???????? ??????? ???????????? ; ???? ????: ????????????????? ????????????? ???????; ????: ??????????????, ?????????? ?????? ????
???? ?????? 12 1861 ? ?????? 9 1865
???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????
?????? ????????????? ??????; ????????? ; ????? ???? ??????????????
?????????

?????? ???????? ??????? ("?????? ?????????")

???????? ???????????? ??????????? ("???????????")

????????, ?????????
???????? ??????? ,
???????? ???????? 		???????? ?????? ,
??????? ?. ??
????
2,200,000 1,064,000
?????????
110,000 ?????? ???? ,
360,000 ????? ??????, [1]
275,200 ????? 		93,000 ?????? ????,
258,000 ????? ??????,
137,000+ ?????

???????? ??????????? ???? ( American Civil War , 1861?1865) ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? , ???? ????????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????. [2]

?????? ????

?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? , ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????????????? ????????? ???????. [3]

?????????? ????????? ?????? ????

???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. 1860 ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, 1861 ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ???, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????. ??????, ??? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????. ??????????? (???????????) ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????????. ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????, ?????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????????????? ????????????, ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????.

?????? ????????? ????

????????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?. ?? (Robert E. Lee), ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? 1863 ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??????????? ?????? (Vicksburg), ?????? ?????????? (Port Hudson) ???????? ???????? (Ulysses S. Grant) ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. 1864 ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????????, ??, ????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??????? (William Sherman) ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????, ???????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. 1865 ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????.

?????? ????????? ????

???????????? , ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????. ???????, ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????????. ????????? ??????? ?. ?? , ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? 1865 ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????????????. ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????? 620,000 ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????.???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? 20-45 ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? 30 ??????? 18-40 ???????????????????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????. ???????, ???????? ???????, ????????????? ????, ???????, ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ??????, ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????.????????? ???? ???? ????????????, ?????,?????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ?????????? ?????????????, ???????????, ?????? ?????????????, ????????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????? ????????.

???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????, 1860?1864
?????? ???????? ???????????
?????????? 1860 22,100,000 (71%) 9,100,000 (29%)
1864 28,800,000 (90%) [?? 1] 3,000,000 (10%) [4]
????????????? 1860 21,700,000 (81%) 5,600,000 (19%)
???????? 1860 400,000 (11%) 3,500,000 (89%)
1864 negligible 1,900,000 [?? 2]
??????????? 1860?64 2,100,000 (67%) 1,064,000 (33%)
????????? ??????? ??????? 1860 21,800 (71%) 8,800 (29%)
1864 29,100 (98%) [5] negligible
???????????????? 1860 90% 10%
1864 98% negligible
???? ???????? 1860 97% 3%
1864 98% negligible
??????? ??????? 1860 negligible 4,500,000
1864 300,000 negligible
???????? 1860 30% 70%
1864 98% negligible

????????? ????

???? ?????? ??????? ????????????? 1,030,000 ???? ???????????? (??? ?????? ???????? 3 ????????? ?????), ????? 620,000 ??????????? (???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ) ??????? 50,000 ???????????? ????????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 750,000 ????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??. ?????? ?????? ???????????, ???????????? ??????????????????? 20 ????????? ???????????, 850,000 ?? ????????????????? ??????????????. [6] [7] ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????. [8]

1860 ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????????????? 13 ????? 43 ??????? ????????? ???????? 8 ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ????? 6 ??????? ???????????????? 18 ??????? ?????????? ???????????????. [9] [10] ??????????? ???? ???? ??????????? 56,000 ???????? ????????. [11] 60,000 ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????????????????. [12]

?????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? 15 ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. [13]

110,070 ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????? (67,000) ?????? ?????????? 43,000 ???? ???????? 199,790 ???? ??????????????? ????????. ( ????? 75 ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ???? ???????????????? ????????) 24,866 ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? 9,058 ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? 15,741 ???? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? 359,528 ????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? 4,523 ???? ?????????????? (?????? 2,112) ??????? 460 ????????? ???????? (148 ???? ??????) ????????

????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? 10 ????????? ????. ????????? 15 ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????????? 3 ????????????????? ?????????????. ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????????????? ??????? 20 ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. [14] :16 ??????????????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????.

????? ???? ????

19 ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????.

 
?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????, 1864?5.
   ?????? ???????? ??????????
 ? ?????? ???????? ???????????????
   ??????? , ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????.
 ? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????
   ???????????
 ? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????????????????? ?????? ????????

??????????? ????

  1. ↑ "Union population 1864" aggregates 1860 population, average annual immigration 1855?1864, and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded.
  2. ↑ "Slave 1864, CSA" aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Texas. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley.

??????????? ????

  1. ↑ "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.; Series 4 ? Volume 2" , United States. War Dept 1900.
  2. ↑ "The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There" . The New York Times . ???????????? ?????? . May 10, 1865 . ????????????? ???? December 23, 2013 .
  3. ↑ "Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population" , America's Civil War
  4. ↑ Martis, Kenneth C., "The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861?1865" Simon & Schuster (1994) ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-13-389115-1 p. 27. At the beginning of 1865, the Confederacy controlled one-third of its congressional districts, which were apportioned by population. The major slave-populations found in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864.
  5. ↑ Digital History Reader, U.S. Railroad Construction, 1860?1880 Virginia Tech, Retrieved August 21, 2012. "Total Union railroad miles" aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860?1864 @ 5000, plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300.
  6. ↑ "U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests" . Science Daily. September 22, 2011 . http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110921120124.htm . ??????? ????: September 22, 2011 .  
  7. ↑ name="recounting"> Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). "Recounting the Dead" . The New York Times . ???????????? ?????? ( The New York Times Company ) . http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead/ . ??????? ????: September 22, 2011 .  
  8. ↑ McPherson 1988 , ?.?xix.
  9. ↑ Vinovskis 1990 , ?.?7.
  10. ↑ name="slate"
  11. ↑ name="nationalgeographic"
  12. ↑ Teresa Riordan (March 8, 2004). "When Necessity Meets Ingenuity: Art of Restoring What's Missing" . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . ???????????? ?????? . ????????????? ???? December 23, 2013 .
  13. ↑ name="civilwarhome.com"
  14. ↑ Herbert Aptheker, "Negro Casualties in the Civil War", The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 1947).
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