Ramadan

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Ramadan
Sahiji bulan sabit anu katingali di luhureun tangkal korma nalika surupna panon poe di Manama , anu jadi ciri yen datangna bulan Ramadan di Bahrain .
Dirayakeun ku Umat Muslim
Jenis Keagamaan
Parayaan Komunitas sahur , komunitas iftar , dan komunitas salat
Kagiatan
Mimiti 1 Ramadan
Mungkas 29 atanapi 30 Ramadan
Tanggal Beragam (mengikuti kalender bulan Islam ) [1]
Frekueensi unggal 12 bulan (kalender bulan)
Patali jeung Idulfitri , Nuzulul Quran , Lailatul Qadar
Bulan sabit dihias ku mangpirang pirang warna anu endah cahayana dina bulan Ramadhan.

Ramadhan atawa Romadon ( / ? r æ m ? ? d ?ː n / ; Basa Arab : ????? ‎ IPA:  [rama?d?aːn] ; [note 1] oge di romanisasikeun ku Ramazan , Ramadhan , atawa Ramathan ) mangrupa bulan kasalapan dina kalender Islam , [2] anu dirayakeun ku umat Islam di sakuliah dunya ku puasa ( saum ) jeung mielingkeun wahyu anu munggaran anu nepi ka Nabi Muhammad. nurutkeun kayakinan umat muslim. [3] [4] Milangkala taunan ieu kacatur ku salah sahiji rukun Islam . [5] Bulan Ramadhan bakal lumangsung salila 29-30 poe dumasar kana panitenan bulan anyar (hilal), nurutkeun sababaraha aturan anu ditulis dina hadits . [6] [7]

Kecap Ramadan asalna tina kecap akar basa Arab rami?a atawa ar-rama?, anu hartina panas atawa kagaringan. [8] Puasa Ramadhan hukumna nyaeta fardhu (wajib) pikeun muslim nu geus baleg, kajaba ngalaman halangan pikeun migawena saperti gering, iinditan, geus kolot, nyandung, nyusu, diabet atawa haid . [9] Kawajiban pikeun puasa nalika bulan Ramadhan turun di bulan Sya'ban taun kadua sanggeus hijrah umat Islam ti Mekah ka Madinah . [10] Bulan Ramadhan dimimitian ku ditangtukeunna bulan sabit salaku tanda ayana bulan anyar. [11]

Nalika puasa ti isuk nepi ka burit, umat Islam dicaram dahar, nginum cairan naon wae, ngaroko, jeung ngawati. Kajaba ti eta, aranjeunna diparentahkeun pikeun nyingkirkeun pagawean dosa dina raraga nyampurnakeun pahala puasa, saperti ngomongkeun perkara anu goreng (kayaning ngahina, fitnah, moyok, ngawadul) jeung gelut. [12] Dahareun jeung inumeun bisa disadiakeun unggal poe, ti saacan meletek panonpoe (Fajr) nepi ka surup (Maghrib). [13] [14] Pendekatan spiritual ( tobat ) nalika bulan Ramadhan sibuk. [15] Puasa pikeun umat Islam salami Ramadhan biasana direuah-reuah ku ngalobakeun solat sareng maca Alquran . [16] [17]

Kakhususan bulan Ramadhan pikeun umat Islam kagambar dina Al-Quran surat Al-Baqarah ayat 183 anu hartosna: " Hei eling-eling jalma anu iman, wajib pikeun anjeun puasa sakumaha diwajibkeun ka jalma-jalma samemeh araranjeun sangkan anjeun jadi jalma anu taqwa." - (Al-Baqoroh 2: 183)

Patokan ceuk Etimologi [ edit | edit sumber ]

Ramadhan ( [18] asalna tina akar kecap ? ? ? , anu hartosna panas ereng-erengan . Urang Babilon, anu budaya na kantos ngadominasi pisan di kaler Jazirah Arob, nganggo kalender luni-surya (ngitung taun dumasar kana bulan sareng panonpoe). Bulan kasalapan sok ragrag nalika usum panas anu panas pisan. Ti enjing dugi ka sonten, batu gunung sareng pasir gurun dibeuleum ku panonpoe dina usum panas, anu siang na langkung lami tibatan wengi. Peutingna panas dina batu sareng pasir ngaleutikan sakedik, tapi acan ge tiis pisan, kabujeng enjing deui. Ieu kajantenan teras-terasan, sahingga saatos sababaraha minggu aya akumulasi panas anu kacida bangetna. Poean ieu disebat bulan Ramadhan, bulan anu kacida panasna.

Saatos masarakat Islam ngembangkeun kalender dumasar bulan, anu rata-rata 11 dinten langkung pondok tibatan kalender panonpoe, Ramadhan henteu teras-terasan kabeneran sareng usum panas. Masarakat langkung paham kana metaforis 'panas' Ramadhan (kiasan). Kusabab dina dinten Ramadhan jalma anu saum, tikoro na panas ku haus. Atanapi, dipiharep ayana ieu Ibadah dina Ramadhan, janten wasilah kana dihapusna pirang pirang dosa nu tiheula atawa nu bakal aya jaga.

Tina kecap dasar ieu, kecap Ramadhan dipake pikeun nunjukkeun sensasi panas nalika aya anu hanaang. Sasauran anu sanes nyebatkeun yen kecap Ramadhan dianggo kusabab dina bulan eta dosa diduruk ku amal hade nalika panonpoe ngabakar taneuh. Nanging, kecap Ramadan henteu tiasa dibingungkeun sareng Ramadhan. Ramadan (make dal) dina basa Arab hartosna jalma anu panonna nyeri bakal lolong. Salajengna eta panginten dina momen Ramadhan dimangpaatkeun ku pengikut Islam serius pikeun ngalembereh, nyusun sareng ngabarukeun kakuatan fisik, spiritual sareng tingkah laku, sakumaha panas ngagambarkeun hal anu tiasa ngalebur mate ri . [19]

Sajarah [ edit | edit sumber ]

Surat 2, Ayat 185, Quran nyebatkeun:

Bulan Ramadhan mangrupikeun turunna Al-Qur'an, pitunjuk pikeun umat manusa, sareng buktos ayana Nabi sareng Rosul, salaku pituduh hirup, sareng patokan (leres sareng salah).

Sadayana umat Islam wajib puasa dina bulan eta, sareng saha wae anu gering atanapi iinditan, moal puasa sareng wajib ngarobih dina dinten anu sanes. Allah masihan anjeun rukhsoh sareng henteu hoyong kasusah pikeun anjeun.

Pikeun awewe kudu ngarengsekeun haid, saatos eta wajib ngagentosan saatos Ramadhan rengse sareng anjeun kedah ngagungkeun Alloh anu masihan pituduh ka anjeun, sareng anjeun oge kedah syukuran. [Quran Al-Baqarah: 185 ]

Dipercanten yen Al -Qur'an mimiti diturunkeun ka Muhammad salami bulan Ramadhan anu parantos disebat "waktos anu sae". Wahyu munggaran ieu lungsur dina peuting Lailatul Qadar (peuting kakuatan) nu salah sahiji tina lima peuting dina poe sapuluh panungtungan Ramadan. [20] Numutkeun kana hadits, sadaya buku suci diturunkeun salami bulan Ramadhan. Shuhuf Ibrahim, Tauret, Jabur, Injil sareng Alquran diturunkeun dina tanggal 1, 6, 12, 13 [note 2] sareng 24 Ramadhan masing-masing. [21]

Dina Al Qur'an, puasa oge fardhu keur agama sateuacan Islam, tur eta cara pikeun ngengingkeun taqwa , sieun ku ayana Gusti . [22] [Quran Al-Baqarah: 183 ] Allah SWT ngadawuh ka Nabi Muhammad yen puasa pikeun Anjeunna sanes inovasi anyar. Dina tauhid, eta mangrupikeun kawajiban anu dilaksanakeun ku jalma-jalma anu leres-leres ngaladen kana katauhidan gusti Allah. [23] Jelma kapir Mekah oge saum, tapi ngan dina dinten kasapuluh Muharram pikeun ngahapus dosa sareng ngajauhkeun halodo. [24]

Katangtosan pikeun puasa salami bulan Ramadhan lungsur 18 bulan saatos Hijrah, nyaeta bulan Sya'ban dina taun kadua Hijrah taun 624 Masehi. [21]

Abu Zanad, panulis Arab ti Irak anu hirup saatos ngadegna agama Islam, kira-kira taun 747 Masehi, nyerat yen sahenteuna hiji komunitas Muslim anu cicing di al-Jazira (Irak kaler moderen) nitenan Ramadan sateuacan ngalih kana Islam. [25]

Numutkeun ka Philip Jenkins, Ramadhan sumping "tina disiplin ketat ti gareja Suriah". [26] Nanging, saran ieu dumasarkeun kana ideu orientalis yen Alquran nyalira ngagaduhan asal Siria, anu ditolak ku sarjana Muslim sapertos M. Al-Azami. [27]

Mangsa penting [ edit | edit sumber ]

Mimiti [ edit | edit sumber ]

Tabel mimiti Ramadhan pikeun taun Gregorian antara 1938 sareng 2038.

Kalender Hijriyah dumasar kana revolusi bulan anu ngurilingan jagat marcapada sareng awal unggal bulan ditangtukeun nalika hilal (sabit leutik) lumangsung. Cara nangtukeun momen hilal anu dianggo ayeuna nyaeta metode ningali ku panon taranjang (katelah rukyah) sareng ngagunakeun metode ngetang astronomi (katelah hisab). Persatuan Islam (persis) sareng Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) nganggo kombinasi hisab sareng rukyah pikeun nangtoskeun hilal. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) sareng Kamenterian Agama Republik Indonesia salaku Pamarentah Indonesia nganggo metode rukyatul hilal; sedengkeun Muhammadiyah ngagunakeun hisab hakiki wal wujudul hilal salaku dasar pikeun nangtukeun hilal. [28] Bedana metodeu ieu nyababkeun kamungkinan beda-beda dina hasil nangtoskeun iraha ngamimitian sareng nungtungan Ramadhan, sapertos kajantenan taun 1998 Masehi (1418 H). [29] [30]

Wengi kamulyaan [ edit | edit sumber ]

Lailatul Qadar (wengi katangtosan), mangrupikeun wengi istimewa anu lumangsung dina bulan Ramadhan. Wengi ayeuna dicarioskeun dina Al Qur'an dina Surah Al-Qadr , eta langkung sae tibatan sarebu bulan. [31] [32] Waktos anu tepat wengi ieu kajantenan henteu dipikaterang tapi numutkeun sababaraha cariosan , wengi ieu tumiba dina 10 wengi terakhir Ramadhan, tepatna dina salah sahiji wengi ganjil, nyaeta wengi ka 21, 23, 25, 27 atanapi 29. [33] [34] Sababaraha umat Islam biasana nyobian ngareuah-reuah wengi ieu ku nyaring dina wengi-wengi tungtung bulan Ramadhan bari sholat sapeupeuting. [35]

Tungtung [ edit | edit sumber ]

Akhir bulan Ramadhan direuah-reuah kalayan gumbira ku sadaya muslim di marcapada. Sore (wengi 1 Shawwal ), anu biasana disebat wengi kameunangan, aranjeunna bakal nyarios takbir sasarengan. Di Indonesia, ritual ieu janten hal anu narik kusabab biasana penduduk Islam nyebatkeun takbir bari parade ngurilingan landeuh sareng desa, kadang-kadang ditambahan ku cara neunggeul drum sareng lampu kembang api atanapi ngahurungkeun lantera.

Dinten enjingna dina kaping 1 Shawwal, anu dirayakeun salaku Idul Fitri , duanana lalaki sareng awewe muslim bakal ngariung di masjid sareng alun-alun tempat shalat Idul Fitri bakal dilaksanakeun. Solat dilakukeun ku dua rakaat teras dipungkas ku dua khutbah dina lebaran. Milangkala eta teras dilanjengkeun ku acara silih hampura ( mushofahah ) di papada umat Islam, sareng dina waktos anu sasarengan ngeureunkeun seri kagiatan agama khusus anu aya dina Ramadhan. [36]

Kegiatan kaagamaan [ edit | edit sumber ]

Kaayaan nalika buka puasa ( iftar ) babarengan di mesjid.

Kegiatan utama dina bulan Ramadhan nyaeta tangtos, puasa, sahur, buka puasa, solat peuting, ngalobakeun maca Al-Quran , ngarayakeun dinten wahyu Al-Qur'an, sareng amal hade anu sanes. [37] [38] [39]

Saum sasih siam [ edit | edit sumber ]

Saum/ Puasa pikeun urang Islam ( Arab  : ???, transliterasi: Shuwam) nyaeta nyengker tina tuangeun sareng inuman sareng sadaya padamelan anu tiasa ngabatalkeun kana puasa, ti subuh dugi ka surup panonpoe , dina kaayaan anu tangtu, pikeun ningkatkeun kataqwaan jalma muslim . Puasa (saum) mangrupikeun salah sahiji tina lima rukun Islam . Saum ceuk lugot hartosna nyengker atanapi nyegah. [40] [41] [42]

Sahur [ edit | edit sumber ]

Sahur mangrupikeun istilah Islam anu ngarujuk kana kagiatan tuangna jalma Islam anu dilaksanakeun dina janari [43] pikeun anu ngalaksanakeun puasa salami Ramadhan. Sahur salaku sarapan cocog sareng Iftar salaku tuang, salami Ramadhan, ngagentos tilu tuangeun sadinten ( sasarap , tuang siang sareng tuangeun ), [44] sanaos di sababaraha tempat tuang tuang oge dikonsumsi saatos Iftar pas magrib.

Iftar [ edit | edit sumber ]

Iftar ngarujuk kana ngaliwet anu waktosna nalika buka puasa salami bulan Ramadhan. [45] Iftar mangrupikeun hiji ibadah nalika bulan Ramadhan sareng sering dilakukeun ku hiji komunitas, sareng jalma-jalma kumpul pikeun buka puasa babarengan. Iftar dilakukeun pas saatos waktos Maghrib. Sacara tradisional, kurma mangrupikeun hal anu mimiti didahar nalika buka puasa. [46]

Seueur umat Islam yakin yen masihan Iftar ka batur salaku bentuk amal pisan manpaatna sareng dilakukeun ku Nabi Muhammad. [47]

Solat Peuting [ edit | edit sumber ]

Nalika peuting, saberes sholat isya , umat Islam teras-terasan ngalaksanakeun ibadah tarawih . Doa khusus anu ngan ukur dilaksanakeun salami bulan Ramadhan. Solat tarawih, sanaos tiasa dilakukeun kalawan papisah, umumna dilakukeun berjamaah di masjid . Kadang-kadang sateuacan dilaksanakeunnana sholat tarawih di tempat-tempat tertentu, diayakeun ceramah pondok pikeun ngalengkepan jamaah dina ngalaksanakeun ibadahna dina bulan eta. Saatos ngalaksanakeun solat tarawih, biasana langsung teraskeun sareng solat witir 3 siklus. [48]

Ngaos Al-Qur'an [ edit | edit sumber ]

Salaku tambahan kana amalan puasa , kaseueuran umat Islam nyeepkeun waktos sateuacan buka puasa ku maos Alquran hiji juz unggal dinten. Biasana dibaca khusus dina kelompok atanapi sacara sewang-sewangan, tapi aya oge anu mungkaskeun 30 Juz ku wasilah maos surat dina solat Taraweh . [ rujukan? ]

Lungsurna Al-qur'an [ edit | edit sumber ]

Pirang-pirang nonoman jeung ulama ngagaduhan sasauran anu benten ngeunaan kaping anu tangtos iraha lungsurna wahyu Al-Qur'an [49] ( Nuzulul Quran ) . Dina kasempetan ieu, Surah Al-'Alaq ayat 1 dugi ka 5 diturunkeun nalika Nabi Muhammad aya di Gua Hira . Milangkala acara ieu biasana dilaksanakeun ku pangaosan di masjid . Tapi peringatan ieu dianggap bid'ah , sabab teu aya ti nabina. Mimiti ditangtoskeunna milangkala Nuzulul Quran di Indonesia nyaeta nalika Presiden Soekarno dipasihan saran ti Buya Hamka pikeun ngareuah-reuah wengian Nuzulul Quran, lantaran ngepas jeung poean merdekana Indonesia.

Umroh [ edit | edit sumber ]

Upami Umroh dilakukeun dina bulan ieu, eta langkung seueur pahalana tibatan bulan-bulan anu sanes. Dina Hadits disaurkeun "Umrah dina bulan Ramadhan sami sareng haji atanapi haji sareng kaula." (Diriwayatkeun ku: Bukhari sareng Muslim). [50]

Zakat fitrah [ edit | edit sumber ]

Zakat fitrah mangrupikeun zakat anu dikaluarkeun khusus dina bulan Ramadhan atanapi paling akhir sateuacan rengse shalat Idul Fitri . Unggal jalma muslim anu mampu wajib mayar zakat fitrah. [51] [52] Jumlah zakat fitrah anu kedah dibayar sewang sewangan nyaeta hiji sha' tergantung kadaharan pokok di daerah anu bersangkutan. [53] Jumlah ieu, nalika dirobah, sami sareng 2,5 kilogram atanapi 3,5 liter beas. Anu nampi Zakat umumna didefinisikeun dina 8 kelompok (fakir, miskin, amil, mualaf , budak, gharimin, fisabilillah, ibnu sabil) tapi numutkeun sababaraha ulama khusus, zakat fitrah kedah ngutamakeun dua kelompok anu mimiti, nyaeta anu fakir sareng anu miskin. [54] Sasauran ieu dumasar kana alesan yen jumlah zakat leutik pisan sedengkeun salah sahiji tujuan tina ngaluarkeun zakat fitrah nyaeta supaya jalma-jalma anu miskin sareng anu miskin tiasa ilubiung dina ngarayakeun idul fitri.

Praktek budaya [ edit | edit sumber ]

Neunggeul bedug di Indonesia
Hiasan lantera rame di Kairo , Mesir
Ramadhan di Kota Lama  Yerusalem

Di sababaraha nagara Muslim ayeuna, lampu digantungkeun di alun-alun, sareng di jalan-jalan landeuh, pikeun ngareuah reuah ieu bulan. Lentera mangrupikeun hiasan simbolis pikeun bulan Ramadhan. Di nagara-nagara berkembang, aranjeunna digantungkeun di jalan-jalan kota. [55] [56] [57] Lenter tradisi salaku hiasan anu pakait sareng Ramadhan dipercaya asalna ti jaman Khalifah Fatimiyyah anu pusatna di Mesir , di mana Khalifah Al-Mu'izz li-Dinillah disambut ku jalma-jalma anu nyekel lantera pikeun ngagungkeun kaputusanana. Ti saprak eta, lantera parantos dianggo pikeun ngahirupkeun masjid sareng imah di ibukota Kairo . Mal balanja, bisnis, sareng bumi jalma tiasa katingali ku bentang sareng gunung sabulan sareng rupa-rupa pangaruh cahaya oge.

Salaku nagara anu jumlah pendudukna muslim pangageungna di marcapada, Indonesia ngagaduhan macem-macem tradisi ramadan. Di Pulo Jawa , seueur urang Jawa mandi di cinyusu suci nyiapkeun puasa, ritual anu katelah Padusa. Kota Semarang nandaan mimiti Ramadhan ku karnaval Dugderan , anu ngalibatkeun pengendog Warak, mahluk hibrid kuda - naga panginten diideuan ku Buraq . Di ibukota Cina anu dipangaruhan ku Cina , kurupuk seuneu biasana dipake pikeun ngahudangkeun jalma pikeun sholat subuh dugi ka abad ka-19. Dina panungtungan bulan Ramadhan, kaseueuran pagawe nampi bonus sasasih anu katelah Tunjangan Hari Raya (THR). Sababaraha jinis tuangeun anu kawentar pisan salami Ramadhan, sapertos sapi di Aceh , sareng tutut di Jawa Tengah . Hidangan Iftar diumumkeun unggal wengi ku neunggeul bedug di mesjid.

Kasehatan [ edit | edit sumber ]

Puasa Ramadhan aman pikeun jalma anu sehat, tapi anu ngagaduhan kaayaan medis kedah milari nasehat medis. [58] Mangsa puasa biasana dikaitkeun sareng leungitna beurat anu sedeng, tapi beurat condong datang deui saatosna. [59]

Panyawat ginjal [ edit | edit sumber ]

Tinjauan literatur ku kelompok Iran nunjukkeun yen puasa salami Ramadhan tiasa nyababkeun tatu ginjal di pasien anu panyakit sedeng (GFR <60 ml / mnt) atanapi panyakit ginjal anu langkung parah, tapi henteu ngarugikeun pasien cangkok ginjal anu ngagaduhan fungsi anu sae atanapi paling ngawangun batu. [60]

Denda pikeun palanggaran [ edit | edit sumber ]

Di sababaraha nagara Muslim, gagal atanapi gancang ngalawan ngalawan kabiasaan sapertos kitu salami bulan Ramadhan dianggap kajahatan sareng dituntut sapertos kitu. Salaku conto, di Aljazair , dina Oktober 2008 pengadilan Biskra ngahukum genep jalma opat taun panjara sareng denda anu beurat. [61]

Di Kuwait , numutkeun undang-undang nomer 44 taun 1968, hukumanana nyaeta denda henteu langkung ti 100 dinar Kuwait, atanapi panjara henteu langkung ti sabulan, atanapi duanana hukuman, kusabab ditingali tuang, nginum atanapi ngaroko nalika siang siang salami Ramadhan . [62] [63] Di sababaraha daerah Emirat Arab Bersatu , tuang atanapi nginum di tempat umum salami Ramadhan dianggap mangrupikeun palanggaran ringan sareng dihukum dugi ka 150 jam jasa masarakat. [64] Di Arab Saudi anu caket , anu dijelaskeun ku The Economist nganggap Ramadhan "langkung serius tibatan tempat sanes", [65] aya hukuman anu langkung parah, padahal di Malaysia, henteu aya hukuman sapertos kitu.

Di Mesir , penjualan alkohol dilarang salami Ramadhan. [66]

Dina 2014 di Kermanshah, Iran , hiji non-Muslim dihukum pikeun ngaduruk roko sareng lima urang Muslim dikeruk kalayan 70 belang pikeun tuang salami Ramadhan. [67]

Masalah hukum anu sanes [ edit | edit sumber ]

Sababaraha nagara gaduh hukum anu ngarobah jadwal damel salami Ramadhan. Dina Undang-Undang Buruh Uni Emirat Arab , jam kerja maksimum nyaeta 6 jam per dinten sareng 36 jam per minggu. Qatar , Oman , Bahrain sareng Kuwait ngagaduhan hukum anu sami. [68]

Aspek ekonomi [ edit | edit sumber ]

Iftar di Masjid Sultan Ahmed di Istanbul , Turki

Bulan Ramadhan di Indonesia sareng nagara-nagara anu mayoritas pendudukna Muslim sacara umum tiasa dikaitkeun sareng kakuatan kakuatan sareng paripolah konsumtif masarakat pikeun barang sareng jasa. Di Indonesia, ieu aya hubunganana pisan sareng kabiasaan pamarentah sareng perusahaan swasta pikeun nyayogikeun tunjangan liburan (THR) ka para karyawanna. Kanaekan ieu kajantenan ampir di sadaya sektor ti transportasi, tuangeun, inuman dugi ka kabutuhan rumah tangga. Janten henteu umum pikeun tingkat inflasi ngahontal titik na anu pangluhurna salami bulan ieu. [69] Fenomena ieu tiasa ditingali sacara jelas ku repormasi para padagang musiman anu ngajual rupa-rupa komoditi mimitian ti tuangeun dugi ka pakean di tempat umum, khususna di sisi jalan. Salian ti ngayakeun nyebar bazaar anu disponsoran ku pamarentah, swasta, organisasi tertentu sareng organisasi non-pamarentah.

Tingkat Dursila [ edit | edit sumber ]

Korelasi Ramadhan sareng tingkat kajahatan dicampur: sababaraha statistik nunjukkeun yen tingkat kajahatan turun salami Ramadhan, sedengkeun anu sanes nunjukkeun yen aranjeunna ningkat. Pangurangan tingkat kajahatan parantos dilaporkeun ku pulisi di sababaraha kota di Turki ( Istanbul [70] sareng Konya [71] ) sareng Propinsi Wetan Arab Saudi . [72] Panilitian taun 2012 nunjukkeun yen tingkat kajahatan turunna salami Iranduring Ramadhan, sareng panurunanna sacara statistik signifikan. [73] Panilitian taun 2005 mendakan yen aya panurunan serangan, perampokan sareng kajahatan anu aya hubunganana sareng alkohol salami Ramadhan di Saudi Arabia, tapi ngan ukur panurunan anu signifikan sacara statistik dina kajahatan anu aya hubunganana sareng alkohol. [74] Kanaekan tingkat kajahatan salami Ramadhan parantos dilaporkeun di Turki , [75] Jakarta , [76] [77] [78] bagean Algeria , [79] Yaman [80] sareng Mesir . [81]

Rupa-rupa mekanisme parantos diusulkeun pikeun pangaruh Ramadhan kana kajahatan:

  • Hiji sarjana Iran nyatakeun yen puasa salami bulan Ramadhan ngajantenkeun jalma gampang ngalakukeun kajahatan kusabab alesan spiritual. [82] Gamal al-Banna nyatakeun yen puasa tiasa setres jalma, anu tiasa ngajantenkeun aranjeunna langkung seueur ngalakukeun kajahatan. Anjeunna ngritik umat Islam anu ngalakukeun kajahatan nalika puasa salami Ramadhan salaku "palsu sareng deet". [81]
  • Pulisi di Saudi Arabia nunjukkeun pangirangan tingkat kajahatan kana "suasana spiritual anu aya di nagara ieu". [72]
  • Di Jakarta , Indonesia , pulisi nyarios yen lalu lintas sepi sabab 7 juta jalma ninggalkeun kota pikeun ngarayakeun Idul Fitri hasilna ningkatna kajahatan jalanan. Hasilna, pulisi nyebarkeun tambahan 7.500 tanaga. [78]
  • Dina bulan Ramadhan, jutaan jamaah asup ka Arab Saudi pikeun nganjang ka Mekah . Numutkeun ka Yaman Times , jamaah haji sapertos kitu biasana amal zakat, sareng akibatna penyelundup ngusir budak-budak ti Yaman kanggo nyungkeun jalan di Arab Saudi. [80]

Ramadhan di daerah arktik [ edit | edit sumber ]

Panjang subuh dugi ka surupna beda-beda di sababaraha penjuru dunya numutkeun usum panas atanapi usum salju solstis. Kaseueuran umat Islam puasa 11-16 jam salami bulan Ramadhan. Nanging, di daerah arktik, waktos antara subuh sareng surup di Mekah langkung ti 22 jam dina usum panas. Salaku conto, dina 2014, umat Islam di Reykjavik, Islandia , sareng Trondheim, Norwegia, puasa ampir 22 jam, sedengkeun umat Islam di Sydney , Australia , puasa ngan ukur sakitar 11 jam. Umat ??Islam di daerah anu wengi atanapi siang teras-terasan ditingali salami bulan Ramadhan nuturkeun jam puasa di kota-kota caket dieu di mana puasa ditingali nalika subuh sareng surup. Minangka alternatipna, umat Islam tiasa nuturkeun jaman Mekah. [83] [84] [85]

Gawe di bulan Ramadhan [ edit | edit sumber ]

Umat Islam bakal tetep damel salami bulan Ramadhan. Nabi Muhammad nyarios yen penting pikeun ngajaga kasaimbangan antara ibadah sareng padamelan. Di sababaraha nagara Islam, sapertos Oman, jam damel disingkat salami bulan Ramadhan. [86] [87] Sering disarankeun supaya muslim anu damel ngabejaan ka dununganana upami aranjeunna puasa, dipasihan kamungkinan patuh pikeun mangaruhan kinerja tempat damel. [88] Tingkat di mana anu lalajo Ramadhon dijagaan ku akomodasi agama beda-beda ti unggal nagara. Kawijakan anu nempatkeun aranjeunna dina kerugian dibandingkeun padamel anu sanesna parantos patepung sareng klaim diskriminasi di Inggris sareng Amerika Serikat . [89] [90] [91]

Lilana waktu puasa [ edit | edit sumber ]

Waktos puasa ditangtoskeun ku waktos ti naek dugi ka surup, janten posisi matahari di bumi mangaruhan panjang waktos jalma puasa. Kusabab nagara anu ngagaduhan iklim tropis di daerah katulistiwa ngagaduhan durasi saimbang (sakitar 12 jam siang sareng sakitar 12 wengi), durasi puasa cenderung stabil ti taun ka taun. Hal anu beda dialaman ku nagara-nagara di beulahan bumi kaler sareng beulahan bumi beulah kidul anu ngalaman "robih ekstrim", nyaeta nalika usum puasa usum janten pondok (kirang ti 12 jam) sedengkeun usum panas bakal ningkat (langkung ti 12 jam).

Ieu mangrupikeun conto data ngeunaan lilana waktu puasa nalika beulahan bumi kaler ngalaman usum panas.

Nagara Panjangna gancang (jam)
Citakan:Country data Amerika Serikat </img> Citakan:Country data Amerika Serikat 15 [92]
Citakan:Country data Antartika </img> Citakan:Country data Antartika 8 [93]
Bandéra Argéntina  Argentina </img> Bandéra Argéntina  Argentina 9 [ rujukan? ]
Bandéra Arab Saudi  Arab Saudi </img> Bandéra Arab Saudi  Arab Saudi 14 [ rujukan? ]
Arktik 22 [94]
Bandéra Australia  Australia </img> Bandéra Australia  Australia 9 (beulah kidul) [ rujukan? ]



</br>11 (beulah kaler) [ rujukan? ]
Bandéra Brasil  Brasil </img> Bandéra Brasil  Brasil 12 [ rujukan? ]
Bandéra Britania Raya  Britania Raya </img> Bandéra Britania Raya  Britania Raya 18 [ rujukan? ]
Bandéra Indonésia  Indonesia </img> Bandéra Indonésia  Indonesia 13 [95]
Bandéra Finlandia  Finlandia </img> Bandéra Finlandia  Finlandia 20 [ rujukan? ]
Citakan:Country data Islandia </img> Citakan:Country data Islandia 21 [ rujukan? ]
Bandéra Jepang  Jepang </img> Bandéra Jepang  Jepang 15 [ rujukan? ]
Citakan:Country data Jerman </img> Citakan:Country data Jerman 17 [ rujukan? ]
Citakan:Country data Norwegia </img> Citakan:Country data Norwegia 20 [ rujukan? ]
Bandéra Rusia  Rusia </img> Bandéra Rusia  Rusia 20 [ rujukan? ]
Citakan:Country data Selandia Baru </img> Citakan:Country data Selandia Baru 9 [ rujukan? ]
Citakan:Country data Swedia </img> Citakan:Country data Swedia 20 [ rujukan? ]
Citakan:Country data Tiongkok </img> Citakan:Country data Tiongkok 15 [ rujukan? ]

Tingali oge [ edit | edit sumber ]

Catetan [ edit | edit sumber ]

  1. ↑ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia" . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 Juni 2011 . Diakses tanggal 7 Maret 2017 .  
  2. ↑ BBC ? Religions Retrieved 25 July 2012
  3. ↑ "Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan" . The Global Times Online . 2012 . Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012 .  
  4. ↑ "The Muslim World Observes Ramadan" . Power Text Solutions . 2012 . Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012 .   Archived 11 Pebruari 2021 di Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ " Schools ? Religions " . BBC . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  6. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124." . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  7. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim ? Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378." . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  8. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim ? Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391." . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  9. ↑ Fasting (Al Siyam) ? ?????? ? Page 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
  10. ↑ "Saudi Aramco World: Ramadan in the Farthest North" . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-02-04 . Diakses tanggal 16 June 2015 .  
  11. ↑ "How to pray and fast in countries where the day or night is continuous" . Diakses tanggal 5 February 2017 .  
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  13. ↑ Islam, Andrew Egan ? 2002 ? page 24
  14. ↑ Dubai ? Page 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers ? 2010
  15. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125." . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .   Archived 15 Januari 2013 di Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Abu Dawud -Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud ? (The Book of Prayer) ? Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370" . Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  17. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199." . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .   Archived 15 Januari 2013 di Wayback Machine
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  19. ↑ Essentials of Ramadan, The Fasting Month Archived 2006-09-09 di Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ Ad-Dausaree, Mahmood Bin Ahmad Bin Saaleh (2006). The Magnificence of Quran . Darussalam Publishers.  
  21. ↑ a b Aliyev, Rafig Y. (June 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody . Trafford Publishing. p. 129. ISBN   9781490705217 .  
  22. ↑ al-Uthaymeen, Shaikh Saalih. Explanation of the Three Fundamental Principles of Islam (Salafi): Sharh Usool ath-Thalatha of Muhammad Ibn Abdul Wahaab . Salafi Books.  
  23. ↑ Quran Chapter 2, Revelation 183
  24. ↑ Aliyev, Rafig Y. (February 2013). Loud Thoughts on Religion: A Version of the System Study of Religion. Useful Lessons for Everybody . Trafford Publishing. p. 128. ISBN   9781490705217 .  
  25. ↑ See Ibn Qutaybah,op.cit.page 204; Cited by Sinasi Gunduz, The Knowledge of Life, Oxford University, 1994, p. 25, note 403: "Abu al-Fida, op-cit., p.148; Bar Habraeus, op.cit. p.266, Ibn Hazm claims that this fast is the fast of Ramadan (of the Muslims), but this is completely wrong."
  26. ↑ Jenkins, Philip (31 July 2006). The New Faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South (p. 182). Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.
  27. ↑ Muhammad Mustafa al-Azami, "The History of The Qur'anic Text: From Revelation to Compilation: A Comparative Study with the Old and New Testaments", 2nd Edition (2008), Azami Publishing House
  28. ↑ T Djamaluddin, Fatwa MUI Membuka Jalan: Penyatuan Hari Raya Segera Terwujud
  29. ↑ Hilal Sighting & Islamic Dates: Issues and Solution Insha'Allaah Archived 2009-02-06 di Wayback Machine . Hilal Sighting Committee of North America ( website ). Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  30. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124" . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  31. ↑ Robinson, Neal (1999). Islam: A Concise Introduction . Washington: Georgetown University Press. ISBN   0-87840-224-1 .  
  32. ↑ Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125" . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012 .   Archived 15 Januari 2013 di Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Ibn-Ismail-Bukhari, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari ? Book 032 (Praying at Night during Ramadan), Hadith 238" . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012 .   [ tumbu nonaktif ]
  34. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim ? Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2632" . hadithcollection.com . Diakses tanggal 28 July 2012 .   Archived 15 Januari 2013 di Wayback Machine
  35. ↑ Hidayatullah: Cara jitu memburu Lailatul Qadar Archived 2012-02-11 di Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ "Ruling on Voluntary Fasting After The Month Of Ramadan: Eid Day(s) And Ash-Shawaal" . EsinIslam, Arab News & Information ? By Adil Salahi . Diakses tanggal 23 May 2016 .  
  37. ↑ "Muslims observe Ramadan, clerics explain significance" . Guardian News, Nigeria . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-18 . Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014 .  
  38. ↑ "Sahih Muslim Book 006, Hadith Number 2361." . Hadith Collection . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-06-04 . Diakses tanggal 16 June 2015 .   Archived 2015-06-04 di Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ "Book of Fasting ? Sahih al-Bukhari ? Sunnah.com ? Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (??? ???? ???? ? ???)" . Diakses tanggal 16 June 2015 .  
  40. ↑ Why Ramadan brings us together ; BBC , 1 September 2008
  41. ↑ Help for the Heavy at Ramadan , Washington Post , 27 September 2008
  42. ↑ El-Zibdeh, Dr. Nour. "Understanding Muslim Fasting Practices" . todaysdietitian.com . Diakses tanggal 25 July 2012 .  
  43. ↑ Deskripsi - Sahur Archived 2017-03-12 di Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ BBC - Schools - Religion - Islam , diakses tanggal 11 April 2010  
  45. ↑ "Dinner of Abrahamic Traditions" . interfaithdialog.org (dalam Bahasa Inggris) . Diakses tanggal 22 April 2017 .   Archived 10 Maret 2016 di Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ "Ramadan in Palestine at the Institute for Middle East Understanding" . imeu.net (dalam Bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-06 . Diakses tanggal 22 April 2017 .   Archived 2008-12-06 di Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ "Virtues of iftar" . haqislam.org (dalam Bahasa Inggris) . Diakses tanggal 22 April 2017 .   Archived 26 Juli 2009 di Wayback Machine
  48. ↑ "Tarawih Prayer a Nafl or Sunnah" . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-18 . Diakses tanggal 16 June 2015 .  
  49. ↑ Nuzulul Quran Sebagai Peringatan atau Pelajaran
  50. ↑ media muslim, umrah pada bulan ramadan
  51. ↑ Yasin, Ahmad Hadi. " Panduan Zakat Praktis Archived 2019-05-06 di Wayback Machine ." Jakarta: Dompet Dhuafa Republika (2011).
  52. ↑ root. "BAZNAS - BADAN AMIL ZAKAT NASIONAL" . baznas.go.id . Diakses tanggal 2019-05-06 .  
  53. ↑ Mubarok, A., & Fanani, B. (2014). PENGHIMPUNAN DANA ZAKAT NASIONAL (Potensi, Realisasi dan Peran Penting Organisasi Pengelola Zakat) . Permana , 5 (2).
  54. ↑ "Apa Itu Zakat? Penjelasan tentang Zakat dalam Islam" . Lembaga Amil Zakat Dompet Dhuafa (dalam en-US) . Diakses tanggal 2019-05-06 .   Archived 2019-05-06 di Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ "Muslims begin fasting for Ramadan" . ABC News . Diakses tanggal 6 August 2012 .  
  56. ↑ Taryam Al Subaihi. "The spirit of Ramadan is here, but why is it still so dark?" . The National . Diakses tanggal 30 July 2012 .  
  57. ↑ Cochran, Sylvia. "How to decorate for Ramadan" . Yahoo-Shine . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-15 . Diakses tanggal 6 August 2012 .   Archived 2013-01-15 di Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ "Islamic fasting and health". Ann. Nutr. Metab. 56 (4): 273?82. 2010. doi : 10.1159/000295848 . PMID   20424438 .  
  59. ↑ "Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutr 17 (2): 396?406. 2014. doi : 10.1017/S1368980012005046 . PMID   23182306 .  
  60. ↑ "Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini review of the literature" . J Res Med Sci. (Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences ) 18 (8): 711?716. August 2013. ISSN   1735-1995 . PMC   3872613 . PMID   24379850 . http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3872613 .  
  61. ↑ "Algerians jailed for breaking Ramadan fast" . Al Arabiya News .  
  62. ↑ Press release by Kuwait Ministry Of Interior
  63. ↑ "KD 100 fine, one month prison for public eating, drinking" . Friday Times (Kuwait Times Newspaper). Citakan:ISO date/en . http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTE3NDM5MzY5NA . Diakses pada 17 November 2009  
  64. ↑ Salama, Samir ( Citakan:ISO date/en ). "New penalty for minor offences in UAE" . Gulf News (Dubai, UAE: Al Nisr Publishing LLC) . http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892 . Diakses pada 17 November 2009  
  65. ↑ "Ramadan in Saudi Arabia: Taking it to heart" . The Economist . Citakan:ISO date/en . http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21700396-kingdom-treats-holy-month-more-seriously-anywhere-else-taking-it . Diakses pada 11 June 2016  
  66. ↑ " Egypt's tourism minister 'confirms' alcohol prohibition on Islamic holidays beyond Ramadan Archived 2013-08-11 di Wayback Machine ," Al-Ahram , 22 July 2012.
  67. ↑ "Christian sentenced by Iranian judge to have his lips burnt with a cigarette for eating during Ramadan" . Mail Online . Diakses tanggal 24 July 2014 .  
  68. ↑ Employment Issues During Ramadan ? The Gulf Region Archived 2020-04-04 di Wayback Machine , DLA Piper Middle East.
  69. ↑ Republika: Ekonomi Ramadan, Muhammad Syafi'i Antonio
  70. ↑ "Crime rate falls during Ramadan" . Today's Zaman . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-28 . Diakses tanggal 15 July 2014 .   Archived 2014-10-28 di Wayback Machine
  71. ↑ "Crime rate drops over Ramadan" . Turkish Daily News. Citakan:ISO date/en . http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=crime-rate-drops-over-ramadan-2002-11-16 . Diakses pada 24 June 2015  
  72. ↑ a b "Eastern Province crime falls 40% during Ramadan" . Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014 .  
  73. ↑ Tavakoli, Nasrin (2012), "Effect of spirituality on decreasing crimes and social damages: A case study on Ramadan" (PDF) , International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences : 518?524   Archived 2021-03-19 di Wayback Machine
  74. ↑ "The effect of Ramadan on crime rates in Saudi Arabia, Hattab Ben Thawab Al-Sobaye" (PDF) . Naif Arab University for Social Sciences, Thesis publication . Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2014-08-09 . Diakses tanggal 2017-04-21 .   Archived 2014-08-09 di Wayback Machine
  75. ↑ "129 women killed in six months in Turkey, lawmaker says" . Hurriyet Daily News . Diakses tanggal 12 July 2014 .  
  76. ↑ "Crime rates increase during Ramadan" . Jakarta Post . Diakses tanggal 15 July 2014 .  
  77. ↑ "4 Gold Shop Robbers Killed, 2 Caught During Police Raids Across the City" . Jakarta Post . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-12 . Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014 .  
  78. ↑ a b "Anticipating Crime, 7,500 Policemen Put on Standby Along Ramadan" . Department of Communication, Informatics and Public Relations of Jakarta Capital City . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-16 . Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014 .   Archived 2014-07-24 di Wayback Machine
  79. ↑ "Comment le Ramadan bouleverse la vie des Algeriens" . El Watan, French . Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014 .  
  80. ↑ a b "Yemen child trafficking to increase during Ramadan" . Yemen Times . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-04 . Diakses tanggal 2017-04-21 .   Archived 2011-04-04 di Archive.today
  81. ↑ a b "Ramadan saw rise in violent domestic crimes" . Daily News, Egypt . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-07-12 . Diakses tanggal 2017-04-21 .  
  82. ↑ " Ramadan and lower crime rates: The Ayatollah says that during Ramadan the number of criminal cases in the Judiciary diminish by a great degree ." . Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-16 . Diakses tanggal 16 July 2014 .  
  83. ↑ See article "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World" -Huffingtonpost.co /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
  84. ↑ See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish" http://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish
  85. ↑ Kassam, Ashifa. "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge" . The Guardian . Diakses tanggal 2016-07-06 .  
  86. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced in Oman" . Times of Oman . Diakses tanggal 17 June 2016 .   Archived 24 Juni 2016 di Wayback Machine
  87. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced for public and private sectors" . Times of Oman . Diakses tanggal 17 June 2016 .   Archived 24 Juni 2016 di Wayback Machine
  88. ↑ "The Working Muslim in Ramadan" (PDF) . Working Muslim. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-10-07 . Diakses tanggal 2016-06-30 .   Archived 2016-10-07 di Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ Lewis Silkin. "Lewis Silkin ? Ramadan ? employment issues" . lewissilkinemployment.com . Diakses tanggal 1 June 2016 .  
  90. ↑ "Reasonable Accommodations for Ramadan? Lessons From 2 EEOC Cases" . Free Enterprise . Diakses tanggal 21 July 2015 .  
  91. ↑ "EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement In Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees" . eeoc.gov . Diakses tanggal 21 July 2015 .  
  92. ↑ "Inilah 7 Negara dengan Durasi Puasa Tercepat di Dunia" . sumut.pojoksatu.id (dalam Bahasa Indonesia) . Diakses tanggal 21 April 2017 .   Archived 22 April 2017 di Wayback Machine
  93. ↑ "Negara dengan Durasi Berpuasa Terpendek di Dunia" . segiempat.com (dalam Bahasa Indonesia) . Diakses tanggal 21 April 2017 .   [ tumbu nonaktif ]
  94. ↑ "Waktu Puasa Terpanjang dan Terpendek di Dunia" . anakregular.com (dalam Bahasa Indonesia) . Diakses tanggal 21 April 2017 .   Archived 21 April 2017 di Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ "Durasi Puasa di Indonesia Tahun Ini" . nationalgeographic.co.id (dalam Bahasa Indonesia) . Diakses tanggal 21 April 2017 .   Archived 21 April 2017 di Wayback Machine

Rujukan [ edit | edit sumber ]

Tautan Eksternal [ edit | edit sumber ]


Salah ngutip: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "note", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="note"/> yang berkaitan

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