Leska

Leska
	Obi?na leska ( Corylus avellana )
Nau?na klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Plantae
Kladus :	Tracheophytes
Kladus :	Angiospermae
Kladus :	Eudicotidae
Kladus :	Rosids
Red:	Fagales
Porodica:	Betulaceae
Potporodica:	Coryloideae
Rod:	Corylus ; L.
Sinonimi
	Lopima Dochnahl

Leska ( Corylus ) jest rod listopadnog drve?a i velikog ?bunja koje raste na severnoj hemisferi , u podru?jima sа umerenom klimom . Ovaj rod obi?no se svrstava u porodicu breza , ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] iako neki botani?ari izdvajaju leske (zajedno sa grabovima i povezanim vrstama) u posebnu porodicu, Corylaceae . ^[6]^[7] Plod leske zove se le?nik .

Leske imaju jednostavne, zaobljene listove sa dvostruko nazubljenim rubovima. Cvetovi se razvijaju u vrlo ranoj fazi prole?a, pre li??a, i jednodomni su, sa jednopolnim resama ; mu?ke rese su bledo?ute i duge 5?12 cm, a ?enske su vrlo male i ve?im delom skrivene u pupoljcima; vidljivi su samo svetlocrveni delovi tu?ka du?ine 1?3 mm. Plodovi su orasi du?ine 1?2,5 cm i pre?nika 1?2 cm, oko kojih je ljuska (involukrum), koja delomi?no ili potpuno zatvara orah. ^[4]

Oblik i struktura ljuske, kao i tip rasta (da li je stablo ili ?bun s izdancima) va?ni su u identifikaciji vrsta leske. ^[4]

Polen vrsta leske, koji je ?esto uzrok alergija krajem zime ili po?etkom prole?a, mo?e se identifikovati pod uve?anjem (600 puta) po karakteristi?nim egzosporijima, koji imaju tri primetne pore. ^[8]

Vrste [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Corylus ima 14?18 vrsta. Opis vrsta u Isto?noj Aziji sporan je; WCSP i Flora Kine razlikuju se po tome koji su taksoni prihva?eni; u okviru ove regije, samo one vrste koje prihvataju oba ova izvora navedene su na spisku ispod. ^[4]^[9]^[10] Vrste su grupisane na slede?i na?in:

Orah okru?en mekim, lisnatim involukrumom , vi?e stabljika, izdanci ?bunja visine do 12 m
- Involukrum kratak, otprilike iste du?ine kao orah
  - Corylus americana ^[11]^[12]^[13] ? ameri?ka leska (isto?na Severna Amerika )
  - Corylus avellana ? obi?na leska ( Evropa i Zapadna Azija ). ^[4]^[14]^[15]
  - Corylus heterophylla ^[9]^[6] ? azijska leska
  - Corylus yunnanensis ^[16]^[17]^[18] ? junanska leska (srednja i ju?na Kina )
- Involukrum dug, dvostruko du?i od oraha ili vi?e, formira ?kljun”
  - Corylus colchica ^[19]^[20]^[21] ? kolhidska leska ( Kavkaz )
  - Corylus cornuta ^[22]^[23]^[24] ? kljunasta leska (Severna Amerika)
  - Corylus maxima ? carigradska leska ( Jugoisto?na Evropa i Jugozapadna Azija )
  - Corylus sieboldiana ? azijska kljunasta leska ( Severoisto?na Azija i Japan ; sinonim: C. mandshurica )
Orah okru?en krutim, bodljikavim involukrumom, jedna stabljika visine 20?35 m
- Involukrum umereno bodljikav i sa ?lezdastim dlakama
  - Corylus chinensis ? kineska leska (zapadna Kina)
  - Corylus colurna ? turska leska (Jugoisto?na Evropa i Mala Azija )
  - Corylus fargesii ? Fargesova leska (zapadna Kina)
  - Corylus jacquemontii ? ?akmontova leska ( Himalaji )
  - Corylus wangii ? Vangova leska (jugozapadna Kina)
- Involukrum sa gustim bodljama, nalik na omota? ploda kestena
  - Corylus ferox ? himalajska leska (Himalaji, Tibet i jugozapadna Kina; sinonim: C. tibetica ).

Postoji nekoliko hibrida ; ukr?tanje se mo?e desiti između vrsta u razli?itim odjeljcima ovog roda, npr. Corylus × colurnoides ( C. avellana × C. colurna ). Najstarija potvrđena vrsta leske jeste Corylus johnsonii , pronađena kao fosil u stenama iz doba ipresijana u okrugu Feri ( Va?ington ). ^[25]

Upotrebe [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Orasi svih leski su jestivi. Obi?na leska se najvi?e uzgaja od svih vrsta zbog svojih plodova. Beru se i plodovi drugih vrsta, ali nijedna nije od komercijalnog zna?aja osim carigradske leske. ^[5]

Vi?e kultivara ove dve vrste leske se uzgajaju kao ukrasne biljke u vrtovima , uklju?uju?i forme s iskrivljenim stabljikama ( C. avellana ?Kontorta”, poznata kao ??tap Harija Laudera ” zbog svog kvrgavog izgleda), ?tu?nim” granama ( C. avellana ?Pendula”) i purpurnim li??em ( C. maxima ?Purpurea”).

Leska je tradicionalni materijal kori?ten za pleteno pru?e , ograde od takvog pru?a, ko?are i ramove pletenih ?amaca. Stablo se mo?e okresivati, a regeneriraju?i izdanci omogu?uju njihovu ?etvu svakih nekoliko godina.

Larve raznih vrsta iz reda leptira ( Lepidoptera ) koriste lesku za ishranu.

Galerija [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Izgled (Fargesova leska)
Mu?ke rese (obi?na leska)
?enski cvet (obi?na leska)
Li??e i plodovi sa bodljikavom ljuskom (turska leska)
Le?njaci

Reference [ уреди | уреди извор ]

^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Corylus Архивирано на са?ту Wayback Machine (14. ?ануар 2009)
^ Chen, Z.-D. et al., "Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and paleobotany", Ameri?ki botani?ki ?asopis , 86: 1168?1181, 1999. Dostupno na internetu.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Rushforth, K., Trees of Britain and Europe , "Collins". 1999. ISBN 978-0-00-220013-4 .
^ ^а ^б Huxley, A. (urednik), New RHS Dictionary of Gardening , "Macmillan". 1992. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 .
^ ^а ^б Bean, W. J., Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8. izdanje, sv. 1, John Murray. 1976. ISBN 978-0-7195-1790-7 .
^ Erdogan, V., i Mehlenbacher, S. A., "Phylogenetic analysis of hazelnut species ( Corylus , Corylaceae ) based on morphology and phenology", Sist. Bot. Dergisi , 2002, 9: 83?100.
^ Airy, Hubert (1874). ?Pollen-grains in the Air”. Nature . 10 (253): 355. S2CID 4077214 . doi : 10.1038/010355b0 .
^ ^а ^б Flora of China: Corylus heterophylla
^ Flora Sjeverne Amerike: Corylus
^ Furlow, John J. (1997). ? Corylus americana ” . Ур.: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) . 3 . New York and Oxford — преко eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge, MA.
^ ? Corylus ” . Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) . ARS , USDA . Приступ?ено 2018-07-23 .
^ ?Corylus americana” . Missouri Botanical Garden . Приступ?ено 2016-07-05 .
^ Den Virtuella Floran: map
^ Trees for Life Hazel species profile Архивирано на са?ту Wayback Machine (29. март 2013)
^ Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). ? Corylus yunnanensis ” . Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN . IUCN . 2014 : e.T194559A2349249. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194559A2349249.en   . Приступ?ено 12. 11. 2021 .
^ Helmstetter, Andrew J.; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Lucas, Stuart J. (2019). ?Repeated long-distance dispersal and convergent evolution in hazel” . Scientific Reports . 9 (1): 16016. Bibcode : 2019NatSR...916016H . PMC 6831691   . PMID 31690762 . doi : 10.1038/s41598-019-52403-2 .
^ Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2014). Did?iulis V., ур. ?Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.” . Species 2000: Reading, UK . Приступ?ено 26. 5. 2014 .
^ Corylus iberica
^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Agroatlas Corylus colchica info
^ Stritch, L.; Roy, S.; Shaw, K.; Wilson, B. (2020). ? Corylus cornuta ” . Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN . IUCN . 2020 : e.T194448A174149241 . Приступ?ено 15. 4. 2022 .
^ ? Corylus cornuta Marshall” . Plants of the World Online . Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Приступ?ено 8. 4. 2021 .
^ ?Corylus cornuta” (PDF) . Alberta Centre for Reclamation and Restoration Ecology . University of Alberta. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 23. 8. 2016. г . Приступ?ено 22. 11. 2017 .
^ Pigg, K. B.; Manchester S. R.; Wehr W. C. (2003). ? Corylus , Carpinus , and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America” . International Journal of Plant Sciences . 164 (5): 807?822. S2CID 19802370 . doi : 10.1086/376816 .

Literatura [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Stults, Debra Z.; Axsmith, Brian J. (2009). ?Betulaceae from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Southwest Alabama, Southeastern United States”. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology . 155 (1?2): 25?31. doi : 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.01.001 .
Chen, Zhi-Duan; Manchester, Steven R.; Sun, Hai-Ying (1999). ?Phylogeny and Evolution of the Betulaceae as Inferred from DNA Sequences, Morphology, and Paleobotany”. American Journal of Botany . 86 (8): 1168?1181. JSTOR 2656981 . PMID 10449397 . doi : 10.2307/2656981 .
Bousquet, J., Strauss, S. H. & Li, P. 1992. Complete Congruence Between Morphological And Rbcl-Based Molecular Phylogenies In Birches And Related Species (Betulaceae). Molecular Biology And Evolution , 9, 1076-1088. ISSN 0737-4038
Whitcher, I. N. & Wen, J. 2001. Phylogeny And Biogeography Of Corylus (Betulaceae): Inferences From Its Sequences. Systematic Botany , 26, 283-298. ISSN 0363-6445
Yoo, K.-O.; Wen, J. (2007). ?Phylogeny of Carpinus and subfamily Coryloideae (Betulaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal sequence data”. Plant Systematics and Evolution . 267 (1?4): 25?35. S2CID 46108485 . doi : 10.1007/s00606-007-0533-2 .
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), ?An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III”, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 161 (2): 105?121, doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x  
Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). ?The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase” . Phytotaxa . Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201?217. doi : 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1   .
Soltis DE, Smith SA, Cellinese N, Wurdack KJ, Tank DC, Brockington SF, Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Walker JB, Moore MJ, Carlsward BS, Bell CD, Latvis M, Crawley S, Black C, Diouf D, Xi Z, Rushworth CA, Gitzendanner MA, Sytsma KJ, Qiu YL, Hilu KW, Davis CC, Sanderson MJ, Beaman RS, Olmstead RG, Judd WS, Donoghue MJ, Soltis PS (2011). ?Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa” . Am J Bot . 98 (4): 704?730. PMID 21613169 . doi : 10.3732/ajb.1000404 .
Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D (2014). ?Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene”. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics . 16 (3): 101?110. doi : 10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001 .
Chen Z-D, Manchester SR, Sun H-Y (1999). ?Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany”. Am J Bot . 86 (8): 1168?1181. JSTOR 2656981 . PMID 10449397 . doi : 10.2307/2656981   .
Martins, S.; SimAues, F.; Matos, J.; Silva, A. P.; Carnide, V. (2014). ?Genetic relationship among wild, landraces, and cultivars of hazelnut (Corylus avellana) from Portugal revealed through ISSR and AFLP markers”. Plant Systematics and Evolution . 300 (5): 1035?1046. S2CID 18832843 . doi : 10.1007/s00606-013-0942-3 . hdl : 10348/6564   .
?Kent cobnuts” . Roughway Farm. 2019 . Приступ?ено 4. 2. 2019 .
?BBC: On your farm - The Kentish cobnut” . BBC. 15. 7. 2018 . Приступ?ено 4. 2. 2019 .
?What is a Cobnut” . kentishcobnutsassociation . Приступ?ено 2021-11-12 .
?Hazelnuts in Ontario ? Growing, Harvesting and Food Safety” . gov.on.ca . Архивирано из оригинала 2019-08-09. г . Приступ?ено 2014-11-07 .
?Fındık” . Yeni Ansiklopedi (на ?езику: турски). ?ануар 2011. Архивирано из оригинала 2012-01-04. г . Приступ?ено 2017-12-15 .
?Hazelnuts (with shell); Crops by Region, World List, Production Quantity, 2021” . UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2023 . Приступ?ено 29. 4. 2023 .
Medrich, Alice (2015). Pure Dessert: True Flavors, Inspiring Ingredients, and Simple Recipes . Artisan Books . стр. 157. ISBN 9781579656850 . ? gianduja resembles a bar of chocolate. It is softer on the tooth than a plain chocolate bar (because of the oil from the hazelnuts) ”
Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall (8. 9. 2007). ?Nuts, whole hazelnuts” . The Guardian .

Spolja?nje veze [ уреди | уреди извор ]

Eichhorn, Markus (decembar 2010). ?The Hazel Tree” . Test Tube . Brady Haran za Univerzitet u Nottinghamu .
Corylus avellana - information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
Flora of North America: Betulaceae

[1] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[grin-2] Germplasm Resources Information Network: Corylus Архивирано на са?ту Wayback Machine (14. ?ануар 2009)

[chen-3] Chen, Z.-D. et al., "Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and paleobotany", Ameri?ki botani?ki ?asopis , 86: 1168?1181, 1999. Dostupno na internetu.

[rushforth-4] а ^б ^в ^г ^д Rushforth, K., Trees of Britain and Europe , "Collins". 1999. ISBN 978-0-00-220013-4 .

[rhs-5] а ^б Huxley, A. (urednik), New RHS Dictionary of Gardening , "Macmillan". 1992. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 .

[bean1-6] а ^б Bean, W. J., Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles 8. izdanje, sv. 1, John Murray. 1976. ISBN 978-0-7195-1790-7 .

[7] Erdogan, V., i Mehlenbacher, S. A., "Phylogenetic analysis of hazelnut species ( Corylus , Corylaceae ) based on morphology and phenology", Sist. Bot. Dergisi , 2002, 9: 83?100.

[8] Airy, Hubert (1874). ?Pollen-grains in the Air”. Nature . 10 (253): 355. S2CID 4077214 . doi : 10.1038/010355b0 .

[foc-9] а ^б Flora of China: Corylus heterophylla

[fna-10] Flora Sjeverne Amerike: Corylus

[america-11] Furlow, John J. (1997). ? Corylus americana ” . Ур.: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) . 3 . New York and Oxford — преко eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge, MA.

[GRIN-12] ? Corylus ” . Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) . ARS , USDA . Приступ?ено 2018-07-23 .

[13] ?Corylus americana” . Missouri Botanical Garden . Приступ?ено 2016-07-05 .

[dvf-14] Den Virtuella Floran: map

[tfl-15] Trees for Life Hazel species profile Архивирано на са?ту Wayback Machine (29. март 2013)

[Corylus_yunnanensis-16] Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). ? Corylus yunnanensis ” . Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN . IUCN . 2014 : e.T194559A2349249. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194559A2349249.en   . Приступ?ено 12. 11. 2021 .

[17] Helmstetter, Andrew J.; Buggs, Richard J. A.; Lucas, Stuart J. (2019). ?Repeated long-distance dispersal and convergent evolution in hazel” . Scientific Reports . 9 (1): 16016. Bibcode : 2019NatSR...916016H . PMC 6831691   . PMID 31690762 . doi : 10.1038/s41598-019-52403-2 .

[COL-18] Roskov Y.; Kunze T.; Orrell T.; Abucay L.; Paglinawan L.; Culham A.; Bailly N.; Kirk P.; Bourgoin T.; Baillargeon G.; Decock W.; De Wever A. (2014). Did?iulis V., ур. ?Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.” . Species 2000: Reading, UK . Приступ?ено 26. 5. 2014 .

[19] Corylus iberica

[20] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[21] Agroatlas Corylus colchica info

[Corylus_cornuta-22] Stritch, L.; Roy, S.; Shaw, K.; Wilson, B. (2020). ? Corylus cornuta ” . Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN . IUCN . 2020 : e.T194448A174149241 . Приступ?ено 15. 4. 2022 .

[108018-1-23] ? Corylus cornuta Marshall” . Plants of the World Online . Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Приступ?ено 8. 4. 2021 .

[ACRRE-24] ?Corylus cornuta” (PDF) . Alberta Centre for Reclamation and Restoration Ecology . University of Alberta. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 23. 8. 2016. г . Приступ?ено 22. 11. 2017 .

[Pigg2003-25] Pigg, K. B.; Manchester S. R.; Wehr W. C. (2003). ? Corylus , Carpinus , and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America” . International Journal of Plant Sciences . 164 (5): 807?822. S2CID 19802370 . doi : 10.1086/376816 .

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