Скупштина
,
парламент
или
народно представништво
?е на?више представничко тело и носилац уставотворне и законодавне власти у савременим
политичким системима
.
У данаш?ем облику, настала ?е тек два-три века уназад као ?една од на?важни?их тековина
гра?анске револуци?е
и као ?едан од теме?а
демократи?е
и
гра?анске државе
.
Реч
?скупштина“
потиче од глагола
?скуп?ати“
, а означава место на коме се скуп?а?у представници народа. Страни назив
?парламент“
потиче од ри?ечи
parlare
, што значи говорити, расправ?ати. На?стари?и парламент ?е исландски
Алтинг
основан
930
. године.
Код
Словена
, почеци скупштинског живота сежу у
прошлост
, када су на народним
саборима
представници народа (обично
?ви?ени?и“
?уди или управници области), на позив владара, расправ?али о на?важни?им државним пита?има.
Парламент се истори?ски развио у
Енглеско?
, а првобитна намена му ?е била у домену одре?ива?а висине
пореза
, да би се потом опсег одлучива?а проширио на
суд
и, коначно,
законодавство
.
Скупштина може бити ?еднодомна, дводомна или из више домова (ретко), а у данаш?ем политичком животу, у
унитарним државама
, до?и дом ?е обично ?ачи, док су у
федералним
?еднаки (гор?и дом ?е обично дом федералних ?единица).
Од давнина, када су друштва била племенска, посто?ала су ве?а или поглавар чи?е су одлуке оце?ивале старешине села. То се назива
трибализам
.
[2]
Неки научници сугеришу да ?е у древно?
Месопотами?и
посто?ала примитивна демократска влада у ко?о? ?е кра?еве оце?ивао савет.
[3]
Исто ?е речено за древну Инди?у, где ?е посто?ао неки облик делиберативних скупова, те ?е стога посто?ао и неки облик
демократи?е
.
[4]
Ме?утим, ове тврд?е не прихвата ве?ина научника, ко?и виде ове облике владавине као
олигархи?е
.
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Древна Атина
?е била колевка
демократи?е
.
[10]
Атинска скупштина
(
?κκλησ?α
, еклеси?а) била ?е на?важни?а институци?а, и у расправи ?е могао учествовати сваки слободан
гра?анин
. Робови и жене нису могли. Ме?утим,
атинска демократи?а
ни?е била репрезентативна, ве? директна, те се
еклеси?а
разликовала од парламентарног система.
Римска република
?е имала
законодавне скупштине
, ко?е су имале послед?у реч у погледу избора суди?а, доноше?а нових
статута
, спрово?е?а смртне казне, об?авом рата и мира и ствара?ем (или распушта?ем) савеза.
[11]
Римски сенат
?е контролисао новац, администраци?у и дета?е спо?не политике.
[12]
Неки муслимански научници тврде да ?е исламска
шура
(метода доноше?а одлука у исламским друштвима) аналогна парламенту.
[13]
Ме?утим, други научници (нарочито из
Хизб ут-Тахрир
) истичу оно што сматра?у фундаменталним разликама изме?у система шура и парламентарног система.
[14]
[15]
[16]
Називи за парламенте у свету
[
уреди
|
уреди извор
]
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