Ekzistencializmi

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Søren Kierkegaard , Fyodor Dostoevsky , Jean-Paul Sartre , Friedrich Nietzsche

Ekzistencializmi eshte nje teori tradicionale e shqyrtimit filozofik [1] i cili merr si pikenisje pervojen e njeriut si subjekt, por jo thjesht subjektin mendimtar, por veprimin, ndjenjen, individualitetin e gjalle te njeriut. [2] Ai lidhet kryesisht me disa filozofe evropiane te shekullit XIX dhe XX, te cilet, megjithe ndryshimet e thella doktrinore, [3] [4] ndanin besimin ne ate fillim te te menduarit filozofik.

Ndersa vlera mbizoteruese e mendimit ekzistencialist pranohet se eshte liria, virtyti i saj kryesor eshte origjinaliteti. [5] Sipas pikepamjes ekzistencialiste, pikenisja e individit karakterizohet nga ajo qe eshte quajtur "qendrim ekzistencial", ose nje ndjenje disorientimi, konfuzioni ose frike perballe nje bote dukshem te pakuptimte ose absurde. [6] Shume ekzistencialiste kane shqyrtuar edhe filozofi tradicionale sistematike ose akademike, si ne stil ashtu edhe ne permbajtje, si teper abstrakte dhe te largeta nga pervoja konkrete njerezore. [7] [8]

Søren Kierkegaard pergjithesisht konsiderohet se ka qene filozofi i pare ekzistencialist, [9] megjithese ai nuk e perdorte termin ekzistencializem. [10] Ai propozoi qe cdo individ - jo shoqeri ose fe - te jete pergjegjes vetem per t'i dhene kuptim jetes dhe ta jetoje ate me pasion dhe sinqeritet, ose "ne menyre autentike". [11] [12]

Ekzistencializmi u popullarizua sidomos ne vitet pas Luftes se Dyte Boterore , fale Jean Paul Sartre i cili kishte lexuar Martin Heideggerin ndersa ishte ne nje kamp si rob lufte , gje qe krahas filozofise dhe disiplinave te tjera perfshire teologjine, dramen, artin, letersine dhe psikologjine kishin ndikuar fuqishem ne pikepamjet e tij. [13]

Etimologjia [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Termi "ekzistencializem" (frengjisht: L'existentialisme ) u krijua nga filozofi francez Gabriel Marcel ne mesin e viteve 1940. [14] [15] [16] Ne fillim, kur Marcel paraqiti termin ne fjale, ne nje kolokium ne vitin 1945, Jean-Paul Sartre fillimisht e refuzoi ate [17] por me pas nderroi mendje dhe, me 29 tetor 1945, miratoi publikisht pikepamjet ekzistencialiste ne nje leksion per Club Maintenant ne Paris . Leksioni u botua me titullin L'existentialisme est un humanisme ( Ekzistencializmi eshte nje humanizem ), nje liber i shkurter por qe ndikoi shume ne popullarizimin e mendimit ekzistencialist. [18] Me vone vete Marcel e refuzoi ekzistencializmin ne favor te termit Neo-Sokratik, per nder te esese se Kierkegaardit "Per konceptin e ironise".

Disa studiues argumentojne se termi duhet te perdoret vetem per t'iu referuar levizjes kulturore ne Evrope ne vitet 1940 dhe 1950 e lidhur me veprat e filozofeve Jean-Paul Sartre , Simone de Beauvoir , Maurice Merleau-Ponty , dhe Albert Camus . Studiues te tjere e zgjerojne termin duke perfshire edhe Soren Kierkegaardin , gjersa te tjere e shtrijne ate deri ne kohen e Sokratit . [19] Sidoqofte, termi shpesh identifikohet me pikepamjet filozofike te Sartrit.

Shiko gjithashtu [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

Referime [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

  1. ^ Oxford University Press, "Oxford Dictionary: 'existentialism'" Arkivuar 13 shtator 2016 tek Wayback Machine, Oxford English Dictionary , Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  2. ^ John Macquarie, Existentialism , New York (1972), pp. 14?15.
  3. ^ John Macquarrie, Existentialism , New York (1972), pp. 18?21.
  4. ^ Oxford Companion to Philosophy , ed. Ted Honderich, New York (1995), p. 259.
  5. ^ Flynn, Thomas (2006). Existentialism - A Very Short Introduction (ne anglisht). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. fq. xi. ISBN   0-19-280428-6 .
  6. ^ Robert C. Solomon, Existentialism (McGraw-Hill, 1974, pp. 1?2).
  7. ^ Ernst Breisach, Introduction to Modern Existentialism , New York (1962), p. 5.
  8. ^ Walter Kaufmann, Existentialism: From Dostoyevesky to Sartre , New York (1956) p. 12.
  9. ^ Marino, Gordon. Basic Writings of Existentialism (Modern Library, 2004, p. ix, 3).
  10. ^ However he did title his 1846 book Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments , (Subtitle) A Mimical-Pathetic-Dialectical Compilation an Existential Contribution, and mentioned the term on pages 121?22, 191, 350?51, 387 ff of that book.
  11. ^ Watts, Michael. Kierkegaard (Oneworld, 2003, pp. 4?6).
  12. ^ Lowrie, Walter. Kierkegaard's attack upon "Christendom" (Princeton, 1969, pp. 37?40).
  13. ^ Guignon and Pereboom, Derk, Charles B. (2001). Existentialism: basic writings (ne anglisht). Hackett Publishing. fq. xiii. ISBN   9780872205956 .
  14. ^ D.E. Cooper Existentialism: A Reconstruction (Basil Blackwell, 1990, p. 1)
  15. ^ Thomas R. Flynn, Existentialism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press), 2006, p. 89
  16. ^ Christine Daigle, Existentialist Thinkers and Ethics (McGill-Queen's press, 2006, p. 5)
  17. ^ Ann Fulton, Apostles of Sartre: Existentialism in America, 1945?1963 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1999) 18?19.
  18. ^ L'Existentialisme est un Humanisme (Editions Nagel, 1946); English Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism and Humanism (Eyre Methuen, 1948)
  19. ^ Crowell, Steven. The Cambridge Companion to Existentialism , Cambridge, 2011, p. 316.

Bibliografia [ Redakto | Redakto nepermjet kodit ]

  • Appignanesi, Richard; Oscar Zarate (2001). Introducing Existentialism (ne anglisht). Cambridge, UK: Icon. ISBN   1-84046-266-3 .
  • Appignanesi, Richard (2006). Introducing Existentialism (ne anglisht) (bot. 3rd). Thriplow, Cambridge: Icon Books (UK), Totem Books (USA). ISBN   1-84046-717-7 .
  • Barrett, William (1958). Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy (ne anglisht) (bot. 1st). Doubleday.
  • Cooper, David E. (1999). Existentialism: A Reconstruction (ne anglisht) (bot. 2nd). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN   0-631-21322-8 .
  • Deurzen, Emmy van (2010). Everyday Mysteries: a Handbook of Existential Psychotherapy (ne anglisht) (bot. 2nd). London: Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-37643-3 .
  • Fallico, Arthuro B. (1962). Art & Existentialism . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1855). Attack Upon Christendom (ne anglisht).
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1843). The Concept of Anxiety (ne anglisht).
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1846). Concluding Unscientific Postscript (ne anglisht).
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1843). Either/Or (ne anglisht).
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1843). Fear and Trembling (ne anglisht).
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1849). The Sickness Unto Death (ne anglisht).
  • Kierkegaard, Søren (1847). Works of Love (ne anglisht).
  • Luper, Steven (2000). Existing: An Introduction to Existential Thought (ne anglisht). Mountain View, California: Mayfield. ISBN   0-7674-0587-0 .
  • Marino, Gordon (2004). Basic Writings of Existentialism (ne anglisht). New York: Modern Library. ISBN   0-375-75989-1 .
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception [ Colin Smith ] (ne anglisht). New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Rose, Eugene (Fr. Seraphim) (1994). Nihilism: The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age (ne anglisht). Saint Herman Press (1 September 1994). ISBN   0-938635-15-8 . Arkivuar nga origjinali me 2 mars 2013 . Marre me 4 dhjetor 2019 .
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul (1943). Being and Nothingness (ne anglisht).
  • Sartre, Jean-Paul (1945). Existentialism and Humanism (ne anglisht).
  • Stewart, Jon (2011). Kierkegaard and Existentialism (ne anglisht). Farnham, England: Ashgate. ISBN   978-1-4094-2641-7 .
  • Solomon, Robert C. (2005). Existentialism (ne anglisht) (bot. 2nd). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-517463-1 .
  • Wartenberg, Thomas E. (2008). Existentialism: A Beginner's Guide (ne anglisht).

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